Biology of Dairy Cows During the Transition Period: the Final Frontier

¹ Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801

The transition period, from 3 wk before to 3 wk after parturition, is critically important to health, production, and profitability of dairy cows. Most health disorders occur during this time. Compared with other stages of the lactation cycle, relatively little is known about fundamental biological processes during the transition period. The regulation and coordination of lipid metabolism among adipose tissue, liver, gut, and mammary gland are key components of the adaptations to lactation. Lipid accumulation in liver may contribute to health disorders and decreased milk production. Knowledge of key control points in hepatic metabolism of long-chain fatty acids is lacking, as is an understanding of the metabolic effects of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines that mediate stress. Recent evidence indicates that supplemental fats or restricted intakes before parturition can induce a coordinated set of metabolic changes in metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, including peroxisomal ß-oxidation, perhaps mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Estimates of the mixture of fuels constituting metabolizable energy in cows during the early postpartum period suggest that supply of amino acids and glucogenic compounds may be under proposed optima, whereas ketogenic and lipogenic compounds and long-chain fatty acids may be in excess. Because dietary fat does not suppress body lipid mobilization, during the early post-partum period supplemental fat may further imbalance the mixture of fuels and lead to decreased dry matter intake. Increased understanding of the biology of the transition period should decrease health problems and increase profitability of dairy cows.

Key Words: transition • liver • lipid metabolism • dietary fat

Submitted on April 19, 1999
Accepted on June 10, 1999

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				K. T. Selberg, A. C. Lowe, C. R. Staples, N. D. Luchini, and L. Badinga Production and Metabolic Responses of Periparturient Holstein Cows to Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid and trans-Octadecenoic Acids J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2004; 87(1): 158 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. P. Rhoads, C. McManaman, K. L. Ingvartsen, and Y. R. Boisclair The Housekeeping Genes GAPDH and Cyclophilin Are Regulated by Metabolic State in the Liver of Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2003; 86(11): 3423 - 3429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Gulay, M. J. Hayen, K. C. Bachman, T. Belloso, M. Liboni, and H. H. Head Milk Production and Feed Intake of Holstein Cows Given Short (30-d) or Normal (60-d) Dry Periods J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2003; 86(6): 2030 - 2038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. Pickett, M. S. Piepenbrink, and T. R. Overton Effects of Propylene Glycol or Fat Drench on Plasma Metabolites, Liver Composition, and Production of Dairy Cows During the Periparturient Period J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2003; 86(6): 2113 - 2121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. K. Reynolds, P. C. Aikman, B. Lupoli, D. J. Humphries, and D. E. Beever Splanchnic Metabolism of Dairy Cows During the Transition From Late Gestation Through Early Lactation J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2003; 86(4): 1201 - 1217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. K. Drackley, T. M. Cicela, and D. W. LaCount Responses of Primiparous and Multiparous Holstein Cows to Additional Energy from Fat or Concentrate During Summer J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2003; 86(4): 1306 - 1314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. E. Nocek, W. P. Kautz, J. A. Z. Leedle, and E. Block Direct-Fed Microbial Supplementation on the Performance of Dairy Cattle During the Transition Period J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2003; 86(1): 331 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. E. Grum, J. K. Drackley, and J. H. Clark Fatty Acid Metabolism in Liver of Dairy Cows Fed Supplemental Fat and Nicotinic Acid During an Entire Lactation J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2002; 85(11): 3026 - 3034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Bernabucci, B. Ronchi, N. Lacetera, and A. Nardone Markers of Oxidative Status in Plasma and Erythrocytes of Transition Dairy Cows During Hot Season J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2002; 85(9): 2173 - 2179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Doepel, H. Lapierre, and J. J. Kennelly Peripartum Performance and Metabolism of Dairy Cows in Response to Prepartum Energy and Protein Intake J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2002; 85(9): 2315 - 2334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]