JDS
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

J. Dairy Sci. 2008. 91:1733-1742. doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0735
© 2008 American Dairy Science Association ®
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Interpretive Summary
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Santillo, A.
Right arrow Articles by Albenzio, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Santillo, A.
Right arrow Articles by Albenzio, M.

Influence of Lamb Rennet Paste Containing Probiotic on Proteolysis and Rheological Properties of Pecorino Cheese

A. Santillo and M. Albenzio1

Department of Production Sciences, Engineering, and Economics for Agricultural Systems (PrIME), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy

1 Corresponding author: m.albenzio{at}unifg.it


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Pecorino cheeses made from heat-treated ewes’ milk using traditional lamb rennet paste (RP), lamb rennet paste containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5; RPL), and lamb rennet paste containing a mix of Bifidobacterium lactis (BB-12) and Bifidobacterium longum (BB-46; RPB) were characterized for proteolytic and rheological features during ripening. Consumer acceptance of cheeses at 60 d of ripening was evaluated. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium mix displayed counts of 8 log10 cfu/g and 9 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in cheese during ripening. The RPB cheese displayed a greater degradation of casein (CN) matrix carried out by the enzymes associated to both Bifidobacterium mix and endogenous lactic acid microflora, resulting in the highest values of non-CN N and water-soluble N and the highest amount of {alpha}s-CN degradation products in cheese at 60 d of ripening. The RPL cheese displayed intermediate levels of lactic acid bacteria and of N fractions. The percentage of {gamma}-CN in RP and RPL cheeses at 60 d was 2-fold higher than in the cheese curd of the same groups, whereas the mentioned parameter was 3-fold higher in RPB cheese than in the corresponding fresh curd according to its highest plasmin content. The lower hardness in RPB at the end of ripening could be ascribed to the greater proteolysis observed in cheese harboring the Bifidobacterium mix. Although differences in proteolytic patterns were found among treatments, there were no differences in smell and taste scores.

Key Words: rennet paste • probiotic bacteria • Pecorino cheese • proteolysis


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Enzyme composition of rennet paste contributes to the development of typical flavor in cheese made from ovine milk (Addis et al., 2005; Santillo et al., 2007a,b). Milk coagulation is a major step of cheese manufacturing and largely determines the texture of the product (Lebecque et al., 2001).

Fermented dairy products enriched with probiotic bacteria have developed into one of the most successful categories of functional foods. Cheese could offer certain advantages as delivery systems of live probiotics to the gastrointestinal tract, having a higher pH than fermented milks and providing a more stable matrix supporting long-term survival (Corbo et al., 2001; Ross et al., 2002). The main probiotic organisms that are currently used worldwide belong to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Shah, 2007).

Pecorino foggiano cheese, a traditional uncooked sheep’s milk cheese, is of great value to the agricultural economy of the Apulia region of Italy. It is extremely valued in the local market and can be sold as short-time ripened cheese with a soft texture and a thin yellow rind or as a long-time ripened cheese with a harder texture and a more piquant and intense flavor (Santillo et al., 2007a). The local genetic breed Gentile di Puglia is classified as one of the main fine-wooled ovine breeds (Fahmy and Shrestha, 2003); the small volume of milk yielded during lactation (80 to 100 kg) is destined to lambs’ feeding and for typical Pecorino cheese production (Chessa et al., 2003). Recent sources reported for Gentile di Puglia a total of about 6,000 animals reared in 35 farms located in Southern Italy (http://www.assonapa.it).

In this study, Lactobacillus acidophilus and a mix of Bifidobacterium lactis and Bifidobacterium longum were added into traditional lamb rennet paste. Pecorino cheese produced by Gentile di Puglia ewe milk coagulated with traditional lamb rennet paste or with rennet paste containing probiotic bacteria was characterized for proteolytic and rheological features during ripening. Differences in preference and acceptance of the cheeses at the end of ripening were also evaluated.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Lamb Rennet Paste Production
The abomasa for rennet paste production were extracted from suckling lambs reared in the Apulia region (Southern Italy). The abomasa were processed at industrial plant scale according to a traditional protocol: the perivisceral fat was removed and the whole stomach was cut into slices, salt was added (18 to 20% wt/wt), and the samples were ripened at 6°C and 70% relative humidity for 2 mo. Ripened abomasa were ground to obtain a paste. Lyophilized cultures of L. acidophilus (LA-5) and B. lactis (BB-12) and B. longum (BB-46; Chr. Hansen, Milan, Italy) were first propagated in De Man, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS) broth (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) with adjunct of maltose (20 g/L, mMRS) pH 5 and in MRS broth with adjunct of Cys (10 g/L, cysMRS) pH 5, respectively, under anaerobiosis at 37°C for 24 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 10 min, washed twice with sterile distilled water, and then inoculated in rennet paste at a concentration of 11 log10 cfu/g of rennet paste. The paste containing probiotics was held for 24 h at 4°C before cheese production.

Analyses on Lamb Rennet Paste
Microbiology and Milk-Clotting Activity.
Five grams of rennet paste was diluted in 45 mL of 0.9% (wt/vol) sterile saline solution and homogenized in a Stomacher Lab-Blender 400 (PBI International, Milan, Italy) for 1 min. The aforementioned solution was also used to realize serial dilutions of sample that were plated on specific media for viable counts. The following media and conditions were used for analyses: plate count agar incubated for 48 h at 32°C for mesophilic bacteria; violet red bile agar incubated for 24 h at 37 and 44°C for total and fecal coliforms, respectively; M17 agar incubated, under anaerobiosis, for 48 h at 37°C for mesophilic lactococci; and MRS agar incubated under anaerobiosis for 48 h at 37°C for mesophilic lactobacilli.

Determination of total milk-clotting activity was carried out according to the IDF (2006, standard 199). The total milk-clotting activity of the test sample was calculated by interpolation relative to a bovine rennet with an enzyme composition of 75:25 (chymosin:pepsin) and a known milk-clotting activity. Results are reported as international milk-clotting units per gram of rennet paste.

Chymosin and Pepsin Activities in the Rennet Pastes.
Aqueous rennet extracts (20%, wt/vol) were dialyzed for 3 h against 0.02 M piperazine buffer at pH 5.3 through a dialysis tubing cellulose membrane (D9277, Sigma-Aldrich, Milano, Italy). Samples of the same rennet extract, both dialyzed and nondialyzed, were used to determine chymosin and pepsin activities according to the IDF (1997, standard 157a). Enzyme activity was reported as rennet units; 1 rennet unit is defined as the amount of enzyme contained in 1 mL of an enzyme preparation, which clots 10 mL of a reconstituted skim milk in 100 s at 30°C.

Analyses of Ewe’s Milk
Bulk milk and whey samples collected after milk clotting and extraction of the curd were analyzed for fat, protein, and lactose content (MilkoScan, FT 120, Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark); pH value (GLP 21, Crison, Barcelona, Spain); and somatic cell count (Fossomatic Minor, Foss Electric).

Pecorino Cheese Production
Gentile di Puglia ewe’s milk was used for Pecorino cheese production. Three Pecorino cheesemaking trials were performed in triplicate at industrial plant scale according to the protocol reported by Santillo et al. (2007a) with modifications: milk was heated (67°C, 20 s), then cooled to 38°C prior to rennet addition, and after molding and pressing the curds, were held at 42°C for 5 h. Cheeses were denoted RP—control cheese made with rennet paste, RPL—cheese made with rennet paste containing L. acidophilus culture (LA-5), and RPB—cheese made with rennet paste containing a mix of B. lactis (BB-12) and B. longum (BB-46). Cheeses were sampled and analyzed in duplicate at 1, 7, 15, 30, and 60 d of ripening.

Analyses of Cheese
Chemical Composition and Microbiology of Cheese.
Dry matter content and pH of cheeses were determined according to IDF (1986, 1989). Total N (TN) and non-CN N (NCN) were determined as described by Gripon et al. (1975), and water-soluble N (WSN) was measured as proposed by Stadhouders (1960).

Mesophilic bacteria (32°C for 48 h; plate count agar, Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), total coliforms (37°C for 24 h; violet red bile agar, Biolife, Milano, Italy), mesophilic lactococci and lactobacilli (37°C for 3 d; M17 agar and MRS agar, Merck) were enumerated. The enumeration of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium during cheese ripening was carried out using mMRS and cysMRS media, the pour-plate technique, and the results from plate counts were confirmed by microscopic observation of the isolates from colonies according to Corbo et al. (2001).

Electrophoretic Analysis of Cheese.
The pH 4.6 insoluble N fractions of Pecorino cheese were analyzed by urea-PAGE using a Protean II xi vertical slab gel unit (BioRad, Watford, UK). The stacking and resolving gel system was prepared as described by Andrews (1983). The gels were stained according to the method of Blakesley and Boezi (1977) with Coomassie Brillant Blue G250. The destained gels were acquired by means of the Gel Doc EQ system (BioRad) using a white light conversion screen and analyzed with the Quantity One software (BioRad) to determine the signal intensity (optical density) of the defined bands. Bands were identified by comparison with urea-PAGE electrophoreto-grams obtained under comparable conditions (Trujillo et al., 2000; Bustamante et al., 2003; Santillo et al., 2007a). Given 100% the sum of the intensity of the defined bands in a lane, the relative quantity of each band was determined as the percentage of the signal intensity of the defined bands in a lane.

Determination of Plasmin and Plasminogen Contents in Cheese.
Plasmin (PL)- and plasminogen (PG)-derived activities were determined in cheese throughout ripening, according to the method of Baldi et al. (1996).

Cheese samples were treated according to a modification of the method of Richardson and Pearce (1981): grated cheese (5 g) was dispersed in 20 mL of 0.4 M sodium citrate (pH 8.5), held at 38°C for 15 min, and homogenized in a Stomacher Lab-Blender 400 (PBI International, Milan, Italy) for 5 min. The dissociation of PL and PG from CN micelles was obtained by incubation of the homogenized cheese with 50 mM {varepsilon}-aminoca-proic acid for 2 h at room temperature (Korycka-Dahl et al., 1983). A standard curve was prepared to convert PL (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) activity to PL concentration by plotting changes in absorbance against concentrations of PL over a range from 0 to 16 µg/mL. The PL concentration was reported as micrograms per milligram of cheese.

Determination of Rheological Parameters in Cheese.
Samples for cheese texture analysis were obtained by cutting a 1-cm-thick slice from the central diameter of the cheese wheel at 30 and 60 d of ripening. Then, 6 rectangular parallelepipeds, 1 x 1 cm thick and 2 cm long, were obtained from the slide. The cheese samples were left at room temperature for 10 min before testing. Texture profile analysis was evaluated with an Instron 4301 device (Instron Ltd., High Wycombe, UK) using a modified compression device that avoids transversal elongation of the samples. Each sample underwent 2 cycles of 80% compression; force x time data were used to calculate the following parameters: hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness.

Preference and Acceptance Test.
A panel of 80 untrained consumers, equally distributed by sex between 25 and 50 yr old, was involved in the analysis; the criterion for recruiting was cheese consumption. Each sample was assigned with 3-digit random numbers, and cheese slices (1.5-mm thick) from the 3 replications of the same batch were mixed randomly so that all replications from the same batch were presented an equal number of times. A glass of water as well as unsalted crispy bread were also provided, and consumers were instructed to take a small bite of bread and a sip of water after each cheese tasting. The cheeses were evaluated for color, smell, and taste liking on a 9-point hedonic scale anchored with "like extremely" and "dislike extremely" and with a neutral center point of "neither like nor dislike" (Peryam and Pilgrim, 1957). The consumers were then asked to give their preference among the cheeses.

Statistical Analysis
All the variables were tested for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test (Shapiro and Wilk, 1965). Data on chemical composition, PL and PG, and rheological parameters of cheeses were processed by ANOVA, using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 1999). The model utilized was


Formula 1[1]

where µ = the overall mean; {alpha} = the effect of the type of rennet used for cheesemaking (i = 1 to 3); β = the effect of time of ripening of cheese (j = 1 to 5, for chemical composition, PL, and PG; j = 1 to 2 for rheological parameters); {alpha}β = the interaction of type of rennet x time of ripening; and {varepsilon} = the error. Preference and acceptance data were analyzed using ANOVA with 1 factor (lamb rennet paste).

Results are presented as the least squares means of the rennet paste characteristics for each type of rennet, and the variability of the data is expressed as the SEM of the mean response throughout the whole trial. The value P < 0.05 was considered to indicate significant differences.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Enzymatic and Microbial Characteristics of Lamb Rennet Paste
Total milk-clotting activity of the rennet paste was 155 international milk-clotting units/g, and chymosin:pepsin ratio was 70:30 in agreement with previous reports of the same authors (Santillo et al., 2007b) for rennet paste obtained from lambs fed a milk diet. Rennet paste displayed a satisfactory microbial quality with the total mesophilic count being less than 5 log cfu/g and with no coliforms being detected. Mesophilic lactobacilli (1.18 log cfu/g) and lactococci (2.95 log cfu/ g) were found probably due to the feeding regimen of the lambs slaughtered for rennet production, based on maternal milk.

Milk Composition and Cheese Quality
Milk yield, fat, protein, and lactose content of Gentile di Puglia ewe milk are shown in Table 1Go. The values from the present experiment were in the range reported for this breed (Ragni et al., 2001; http://www.assonapa.it). Gentile di Puglia is a fine-wooled ovine breed, which gives a small volume of milk. For its high level of nutrients, milk is destined for typical cheese production giving high cheese yields. In the present survey, mean value of cheese yields were (X ± SE) 17.65 ± 0.85, 18.87 ± 1.08, and 19.79 ± 0.98% for RP, RPL, and RPB cheeses, respectively. Fat content in whey from cheesemaking was higher (P < 0.001) in the whey from RP (2.51%) than from RPL and RPB cheese (1.98 and 1.47%, respectively). Cheese produced using rennet containing probiotic gave fresh cheese curds with greater ability to include fat globules, probably due to lower pH levels detected in the same cheeses (Figure 1Go), responsible for accelerating the rearrangement process of CN particles into a more compact structure.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Yield and gross composition of Gentile di Puglia ewe milk used for Pecorino cheesemaking
 

Figure 1
View larger version (8K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Figure 1. Changes in pH in cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste and lamb rennet paste containing probiotic during ripening. {diamondsuit} RP: cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste; {blacksquare} RPL: cheese manufactured using lamb rennet paste containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5); {blacktriangleup} RPB: cheese manufactured using lamb rennet paste containing Bifidobacterium lactis (BB-12) and Bifidobacterium longum (BB-46). a,bMeans with different letters differ at P < 0.05, for each time of ripening.

 
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. mix, enumerated on specific media, remained constant during ripening, displaying counts of 8 and 9 log10 cfu/g, respectively. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus paracasei, used as adjunct starters in semihard cheesemaking experiments, turned out to influence the growth dynamics of lactic acid bacteria in cheese during ripening (Bergamini et al., 2006). Under our conditions, the activity of bifidobacteria and L. acidophilus may have been directly responsible for the increased growth and survival of mesophilic lactobacilli and lactococci. Mc Brearty et al. (2001) found that Cheddar cheese harboring high levels of B. lactis BB-12 throughout ripening also contained higher levels of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria than did the control cheese, possibly as a result of the higher level of available free amino acids in the cheese as a result of more extensive proteolysis, which may act as a nutrient source for lactobacilli. The RPB and RPL showed the highest cell loads of mesophilic lactococci (8.82 and 8.87 log10 cfu/g, respectively; P < 0.001) starting from 7 d of ripening and of mesophilic lactobacilli (8.95 and 8.45 log10 cfu/g, respectively; P < 0.001) starting from 15 d of ripening. Starting from 30 d, RPB showed the highest (P < 0.001) cell loads of mesophilic lactobacilli (8.75 log10 cfu/g) and lactococci (9.08 log10 cfu/g), whereas RPL showed intermediate values for the same microorganisms (8.06 and 7.77 log10 cfu/g, respectively). The RP showed the lowest cell loads of mesophilic lactobacilli and lactococci (4.81 and 4.63 log10 cfu/g, respectively) throughout ripening.

The pH values were lower in cheese made using paste containing probiotics than in the control cheese (P < 0.001) until 30 d. The ripening of the Terrincho sheep milk cheese caused increases in acidity and decreases in pH up to 30 d but slight increases between 30 and 60 d (Park, 2007). Accordingly, RPL and RPB showed a slight, even if not significant, increase in pH passing from 30 to 60 d. The decrease in pH values in cheeses obtained using rennet added with probiotic was ascribed to the extensive fermentation of lactose to lactic acid carried out by both the microorganism inoculated in the rennet paste and the endogenous lactic acid bacteria.

Proteolysis in Cheese
In Table 2Go moisture, CN/DM, NCN/TN, and WSN/ TN are reported. Moisture did not show differences in the experimental cheese curds, whereas it was significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by the tested effects as the ripening time advanced. The RP cheese displayed lower values, whereas RPB cheese had higher values of moisture throughout ripening. The adjunct probiotic bacteria in lamb rennet paste yielded higher cheese moisture, probably due to the greater production of lactic acid. High production of lactic acid in the initial stages of processing may cause the coagulum to lose more Ca into the whey and result in a lower ability of the curd to contract and thus expel water in subsequent cheese aging (Jimenez-Marquez et al., 2005).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2. Chemical composition of cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste and lamb rennet paste containing probiotic during ripening
 
Most of the coagulant added to the milk is lost in the whey; at most, 15% of the rennet activity added to the milk remains in the curd after manufacture, depending on factors such as type of coagulant, ratio of different enzymes, cooking temperature, cheese variety, and moisture level of the final cheese (Sousa et al., 2001). In the present trial, cheese obtained using rennet paste supplemented with probiotic bacteria displayed a higher primary proteolysis as suggested by the higher rate of disappearance of CN in those cheeses than in the control cheese during the first week of ripening. The major moisture reduction in the control cheese between 1 and 7 d could explain the differences in the CN content; when the water loss is high, there is a concentration of total solids in the cheese matrix. Starting from 30 d, RPL cheese displayed CN content comparable to RP cheese despite its higher lactic acid bacteria cell loads; in fact, enzymes released by L. acidophilus could have been expected to act as a greater proteolysis in the RPL cheese. The RPB cheese displayed the lowest CN content starting from 30 d of ripening. It is well known that lactic acid bacteria are one of the proteolytic agents in cheese during ripening (Fox, 2003). The choice of the lactic acid bacteria strain seems to play an important role in cheese proteolysis. In RPB cheese, the enzymes associated to both Bifidobacterium mix and lactic acid bacteria carried out a greater degradation of CN matrix leading to an accelerated cheese ripening.

The majority of pH 4.6 soluble N is made up of large-and medium-sized peptides produced by the action of residual rennet and PL, but it also contains numerous small-sized peptides, free amino acids, and their catabolites produced by microflora (Fallico et al., 2005). In this trial, no differences were found in NCN/TN and WSN/TN fractions at 1 d among the experimental cheeses, whereas, as ripening advanced, RPB showed the highest, RPL intermediate, and RP the lowest (P < 0.001) values, confirming the greater degradation of CN matrix in cheese obtained using lamb rennet paste containing bifidobacteria. In Canestrato pugliese cheese with added bifidobacteria, more pronounced imino-, amino-, and dipeptidase activities were found together with a higher concentration of pH 4.6 soluble N/ TN (Corbo et al., 2001). The greater proteolysis was also confirmed by the electrophoretic analysis of the experimental cheeses, RPB showing a higher amount of {alpha}s-CN degradation products starting from 30 d of ripening (Figure 2Go). A progressive and significant increase in {gamma}-CN and {alpha}s-CN degradation products took place in all cheeses during ripening, the latter fraction being quantitatively higher as a result of a more extensive degradation occurring in {alpha}s-CN than in β-CN fraction. It has been reported that β-CN is resistant to hydrolysis during the ripening of most cheese varieties. Furthermore, when animal rennet was used in internal bacterially ripened cheese varieties, proteolysis of β-CN was less than that of {alpha}s-CN (Fox, 1993).


Figure 2
View larger version (9K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Figure 2. Evaluation of {alpha}s-CN degradation products in cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste and lamb rennet paste containing probiotic during ripening. {diamondsuit} RP: cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste; {blacksquare} RPL: cheese manufactured using lamb rennet paste containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5); {blacktriangleup} RPB: cheese manufactured using lamb rennet paste containing Bifidobacterium lactis (BB-12) and Bifidobacterium longum (BB-46). a–cMeans with different superscripts differ at P < 0.05, for each time of ripening.

 
The contribution of PL to proteolysis is relevant to cheese quality through hydrolysis of CN (Kelly and McSweeney, 2002), and the increase in the PL activity in cheeses, as a result of PG activation, ameliorates the flavor and the overall quality of cheese (Farkye and Landkammer, 1992). Plasmin, PG concentration, and PG:PL ratio are reported in Table 3Go. Plasmin was the highest (P < 0.001) in RPB up to 15 d of ripening, whereas no differences were found among cheeses for PG, except at 7 d with the highest values being reported in RPB cheese. At 1 d of ripening, the rate of PG conversion was the highest (P < 0.001) in RPB due to the highest (P < 0.05) amount of β-CN (40.41% vs. 36.71% and 37.4% in RP and RPL, respectively), which is the preferred substrate for PL. The evolution of {gamma}-CN fraction in cheese during ripening is shown in Figure 3Go. This fraction was higher (P < 0.001) in RP than in RPB in the time points evaluated; this could appear in disagreement with PL content in the same cheeses. It is noteworthy that the percentage of {gamma}-CN in RP and RPL cheeses at 60 d was 2-fold higher than in the cheese curd of the same group, whereas the mentioned parameter was 3-fold higher in RPB cheese than in the corresponding fresh curd, as a result of the higher hydrolysis carried out by the higher PL content in the latter cheese. The major increase of {gamma}-CN in RPB cheese could be an outcome of the highest PL content in the same cheese, although these 2 parameters are not synchronized. The percentage of {gamma}-CN decreased from 30 to 60 d in all cheeses as the peptides produced by PL activity were further hydrolyzed to small peptides and amino acids.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3. Plasmin and plasminogen concentration and plasminogen-plasmin ratio in cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste and lamb rennet paste containing probiotic during ripening
 

Figure 3
View larger version (8K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Figure 3. Evolution of {gamma}-CN in cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste and lamb rennet paste containing probiotic during ripening. {diamondsuit} RP: cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste; {blacksquare} RPL: cheese manufactured using lamb rennet paste containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5); {blacktriangleup} RPB: cheese manufactured using lamb rennet paste containing Bifidobacterium lactis (BB-12) and Bifidobacterium longum (BB-46). a,bMeans with different superscripts differ for each item at P < 0.05, for each time of ripening.

 
Rheological Parameters in Cheese
Texture plays an important role in the quality of cheese and depends on cheese structure (Pinho et al., 2004; Park, 2007). Rheological parameters of the experimental cheeses at 30 and 60 d of ripening are reported in Table 4Go. The RPB cheese at both 30 and 60 d showed lower values for all parameters than RP cheese, whereas RPL behaved differently with increasing ripening time: rheological profile was comparable to RPB at 30 d, but all the parameters markedly increased with time to such an extent that they were not different between RPL and RP cheese at 60 d of ripening. It has been shown that high acidity, protein, and total solids contents generally make the cheese harder and less easily deformed (Kehagias et al., 1995). It is worth noticing that, in the present experiment, cheeses displaying lower moisture were found to be harder accordingly. The higher hardness recorded in RP cheese could also be ascribed to the lower proteolysis; Park (2007) reported a high correlation between those parameters due to proteolysis of CN disrupting the protein bonds with a more flexible cheese matrix. The pH also plays an important role in cheese texture; as the pH of cheese curds decreases, there is a concomitant loss of colloidal calcium phosphate from the CN submicelles and, below about pH 5.5, a progressive dissociation of the submicelles into smaller CN aggregates (Lebecque et al., 2001). The pH values of RPB and RPL cheeses were lower than 5.5 starting from 7 d of ripening, whereas pH decreased slower in the control cheese with increasing ripening, being the aforementioned value reached after 30 d. Despite the comparable pH values of RPL and RPB cheese, index of metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria in cheese, the lower hardness in RPB at the end of ripening could be ascribed to the greater proteolysis observed in cheese harboring the Bifidobacterium mix.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 4. Rheological parameters of cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste and lamb rennet paste containing probiotic at 30 and 60 d of ripening
 
Preference and Acceptance Test in Cheese
Preference and acceptance tests were performed to evaluate the degree of liking of the experimental cheeses. Color, smell, and taste liking of the cheeses are presented in Table 5Go. No differences were identified by consumers for smell and taste, whereas RPL received the lowest score (P < 0.05) for color. Preference test did not evidence differences among cheeses. Lamb rennet paste containing probiotics used for traditional Pecorino cheese production must transfer viable cells into the cheese matrix as well as maintain organoleptic characteristic similar to conventional cheese. Although differences in proteolytic patterns were detected among the cheeses at the end of ripening, this did not account for differences in product liking. Addition of bifidobacteria to Gouda (Gomes et al., 1995) and Cottage (Blanchette et al., 1996) cheeses had a negative effect on cheese flavor and resulted in a reduced acceptability with respect to the traditional cheeses. In Cheddar cheese, Ong et al. (2007) found that acceptability of probiotic cheese is strain-dependent; thus, the evaluation of the acceptability of cheese is crucial when selecting probiotic strains to be used in the cheesemaking process.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 5. Acceptance of cheese manufactured using traditional lamb rennet paste and lamb rennet paste containing probiotic at 60 d of ripening
 

   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Probiotic bacteria cultures, LA-5, BB-12, and BB-46, were incorporated into lamb rennet paste used for Pecorino cheese manufactured according to a traditional protocol. Probiotics remained viable at high levels in cheese throughout ripening and influenced the proteolytic and rheological features of ovine cheese.

During ripening, cheese obtained using rennet with bifidobacteria showed greater proteolysis and lower hardness owing to higher CN degradation carried out by proteolytic enzymes associated to both Bifidobacterium mix and endogenous lactic acid microflora. Although differences in proteolyic patterns were found among treatments, this did not account for differences in smell and taste scores. The traditional lamb rennet paste containing probiotic bacteria can be used in the production of functional cheese, which maintain the acceptable quality of the typical Pecorino cheese.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
 
We would like to thank Concetta Perilli and Stefano D’Urso (Department PrIME, University of Foggia, Italy) for expert technical assistance.

Received for publication September 28, 2007. Accepted for publication January 8, 2008.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 


Addis, M., G. Piredda, M. Pes, R. Di Salvo, M. F. Scintu, and A. Pirisi. 2005. Effect of three different lamb rennets on lipolysis of the PDO Pecorino Romano Cheese. Int. Dairy J. 15:563–569.[CrossRef]

Andrews, A. T. 1983. Proteinases in normal bovine milk and their action on caseins. J. Dairy Res. 50:45–55.[Medline]

Baldi, A., G. Savoini, F. Cheli, F. Fantuz, E. Senatore, L. Bertocchi, and I. Politis. 1996. Changes in plasmin-plasminogen activator system in milk from Italian Friesian herds. Int. Dairy J. 6:1045–1053.[CrossRef]

Bergamini, C. V., E. R. Hynes, and C. A. Zalazar. 2006. Influence of probiotic bacteria on the proteolysis profile of a semi-hard cheese. Int. Dairy J. 16:856–866.[CrossRef]

Blakesley, R. W., and J. A. Boezi. 1977. A new staining technique for proteins in polyacrylamide gels using Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250. Anal. Biochem. 82:580–582.[CrossRef][Medline]

Blanchette, L., D. Roy, G. Bèlanger, and S. F. Gauthier. 1996. Production of Cottage cheese using dressing fermented by bifidobacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 79:8–15.[Abstract]

Bustamante, M., M. Virto, I. Aramburu, L. J. R. Barron, F. J. Pérez-Elortondo, M. Albisu, and M. de Renobales. 2003. Lamb rennet paste in ovine cheese (Idiazabal) manufacture. Proteolysis and relationship between analytical and sensory parameters. Int. Dairy J. 13:547–557.[CrossRef]

Chessa, S., P. Bolla, C. Dario, E. Pieragostini, and A. Caroli. 2003. Genetic polymorphisms of milk proteins from Gentile di Puglia ovine breed: Isoelectrofocusing approach. Sci. Tecn. Latt. Cas. 54:191–198.

Corbo, M. R., M. Albenzio, M. De Angelis, A. Sevi, and M. Gobbetti. 2001. Microbiological and biochemical properties of Pecorino hard cheese supplemented with Bifidobacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 84:551–561.[Abstract]

Fahmy, M. H., and J. N. B. Shrestha. 2003. Sheep breeds. Page 598 in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Vol. 2. H. Roginski, J. W. Fuqay, P. F. Fox, ed. MPG Books Ltd., Bodmin, Cornwall, UK.

Fallico, V., P. L. H. McSweeney, J. Horne, C. Pediliggieri, J. A. Hannon, S. Carpino, and G. Licitra. 2005. Evaluation of bitterness in Ragusano cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1288–1300.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Farkye, Y. N., and C. F. Landkammer. 1992. Milk plasmin activity influence on Cheddar cheese quality during ripening. J. Food Sci. 57:622–639.[CrossRef]

Fox, P. F. 1993. Cheese: An overview. Pages 1–36 in Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology. Vol. 1. P. F. Fox, ed. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

Fox, P. F. 2003. Biochemistry of cheese ripening. Page 323 in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Vol. 1. H. Roginski, J. W. Fuquay, P. F. Fox, ed. MPG Books Ltd., Bodmin, Cornwall, UK.

Gomes, A. M. P., F. X. Malcata, F. A. M. Klaver, and H. J. Grande. 1995. Incorporation and survival of Bifidobacterium spp. strain Bo and Lactobacillus acidophilus strain Ki in a cheese product. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 49:71–95.

Gripon, J. C., M. J. Desmazeaud, D. Le Bars, and J. L. Bergere. 1975. Etude du role des micro-organismens et des enzymes au cours de la maturation des fromages. Lait 548:502–515.

IDF. 1986. Cheese and processed cheese products. Determination of dry matter. IDF Standard No 4. FIL-IDF, Brussels, Belgium.

IDF. 1989. Determination of pH. Standard No 115A. FIL-IDF, Brussels, Belgium.

IDF. 1997. Milk and milk products. Ovine and caprine rennets. Determination of total milk-clotting activity. Standard No. 157a. FIL-IDF, Brussels, Belgium.

IDF. 2006. Milk and milk products. Ovine and caprine rennets. Determination of total milk-clotting activity. Standard No. 199. FIL-IDF, Brussels, Belgium.

Jimenez-Marquez, S. A., J. Thibault, and C. Lacroix. 2005. Prediction of moisture in cheese of commercial production using neural networks. Int. Dairy J. 15:1156–1174.[CrossRef]

Kehagias, C., S. Koulouris, A. Samona, and S. Malliou. 1995. Effect of various starters on the quality of cheese in brine. Food Microbiol. 12:413–420.[CrossRef]

Kelly, A. L., and P. L. H. McSweeney. 2002. Indigenous proteinases in milk. Pages 494–519 in Advanced Dairy Chemistry. Vol. 2. F. Fox and P. L. H. McSweeney, ed. Kluwer Acad./Plenum Publ., New York, NY.

Korycka-Dahl, M., B. Ribadeau Dumas, N. Chene, and J. Martal. 1983. Plasmin activity in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 66:704–711.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Lebecque, A., A. Laguet, M. F. Devaux, and E. Dufour. 2001. Delineation of the texture of Salers cheese by sensory analysis and physical methods. Lait 81:609–623.[CrossRef]

Mc Brearty, S., R. P. Ross, G. F. Fitzgerald, J. K. Collins, J. M. Wallace, and C. Stanton. 2001. Influence of two commercially available bifidobacteria cultures on Cheddar cheese quality. Int. Dairy J. 11:599–610.[CrossRef]

Ong, L., A. Henriksson, and N. P. Shah. 2007. Chemical analysis and sensory evaluation of Cheddar cheese produced with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lb. casei, Lb. paracasei or Bifidobacterium sp. Int. Dairy J. 17:937–945.[CrossRef]

Park, Y. W. 2007. Rheological characteristics of goat and sheep milk. Small Rumin. Res. 68:73–87.[CrossRef]

Peryam, D. R., and F. J. Pilgrim. 1957. Hedonic scale method of measuring food preferences. Food Technol. 11:9–14.[Medline]

Pinho, O., E. Mendes, M. M. Alves, and I. M. Ferreira. 2004. Chemical, physical, and sensorial characteristics of "Terrincho" ewe cheese: Changes during ripening and intravarietal comparison. J. Dairy Sci. 87:249–257.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Ragni, M., A. Vicenti, L. Melodia, S. Dimatteo, R. Sottili, and G. Vonghia. 2001. A comparison of the quality and quantity of milk produced by different sheep breeds reared in marginal areas. Pages 187–194 in Proc. Ital. Meet. Parliamo di Zootecnia e Sviluppo Sostenibile. Univ. Torino, Grugliasco, Italy.

Richardson, B. C., and K. N. Pearce. 1981. The determination of plasmin in dairy products. N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol. 16:209–220.

Ross, R. P., G. Fitzgerald, K. Collins, and C. Stanton. 2002. Cheese delivering biocultures-probiotic cheese. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 57:71–78.

Santillo, A., M. Caroprese, R. Marino, A. Muscio, A. Sevi, and M. Albenzio. 2007a. Influence of lamb rennet paste on chemical and enzymatic characteristics of Pecorino Foggiano cheese. Int. Dairy J. 17:535–546.[CrossRef]

Santillo, A., M. Quinto, M. Dentico, A. Muscio, A. Sevi, and M. Albenzio. 2007b. Rennet paste from lambs fed a milk substitute supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus: Effects on lipolysis in ovine cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3134–3142.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

SAS Institute. 1999. SAS/STAT User’s Guide (Version 8.1). SAS Inst, Cary, NC.

Shah, N. P. 2007. Functional cultures and health benefits. Int. Dairy J. 17:1262–1277.[CrossRef]

Shapiro, S. S., and M. Wilk. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality. Biometrika 52:591–601.[Free Full Text]

Sousa, M. J., Y. Ardö, and P. H. L. McSweeney. 2001. Advances in the study of proteolysis during cheese ripening. Int. Dairy J. 11:327–345.[CrossRef]

Stadhouders, J. 1960. The hydrolysis of protein during ripening of Dutch cheese. The enzymes of the bacteria involved. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 14:106–110.

Trujillo, A. J., B. Guamis, J. Laencina, and M. B. López. 2000. Proteolytic activities of some milk clotting enzymes on ovine casein. Food Chem. 71:449–457.[CrossRef]


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J DAIRY SCIHome page
C. V. Bergamini, E. R. Hynes, M. C. Candioti, and C. A. Zalazar
Multivariate analysis of proteolysis patterns differentiated the impact of six strains of probiotic bacteria on a semi-hard cheese
J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2009; 92(6): 2455 - 2467.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J DAIRY SCIHome page
A. Santillo, M. Albenzio, M. Quinto, M. Caroprese, R. Marino, and A. Sevi
Probiotic in lamb rennet paste enhances rennet lipolytic activity, and conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid content in Pecorino cheese
J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2009; 92(4): 1330 - 1337.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Interpretive Summary
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Santillo, A.
Right arrow Articles by Albenzio, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Santillo, A.
Right arrow Articles by Albenzio, M.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS