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J. Dairy Sci. 2008. 91:279-287. doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0250
© 2008 American Dairy Science Association ®
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The Feeding Value of Corn Distillers Solubles for Lactating Dairy Cows1

A. K. Sasikala-Appukuttan*,2, D. J. Schingoethe*,3, A. R. Hippen*, K. F. Kalscheur*, K. Karges{dagger} and M. L. Gibson{dagger}

* Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007-0647
{dagger} Poet Nutrition, Sioux Falls, SD 57104

3 Corresponding author: david.schingoethe{at}sdstate.edu


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Fifteen Holstein cows (10 multiparous and 5 primiparous) in early to mid lactation (79.3 ± 9.2 d in milk) were used in a multiple 5 x 5 Latin square design with 4-wk periods to evaluate and compare the use of condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in the total mixed ration. The forage portion of the diets was kept constant at 27.5% corn silage and 27.5% alfalfa hay (dry matter basis). Diets were 1) 0% distillers grains products (control); 2) 18.5% DDGS; 3) 10% CCDS; 4) 20% CCDS; and 5) a combination diet of 18.5% DDGS with 10% CCDS. Diets 2 and 3 contained 2% fat from DDGS or CCDS, whereas diet 4 contained 4% fat from CCDS and diet 5 contained 4% fat from the blend of DDGS and CCDS. The diets were balanced to provide 17% crude protein with variation in acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and fat concentration. Dry matter intake (21.5 kg/d) was similar for all diets. Milk yield (33.8, 36.2, 35.5, 36.0, and 36.0 kg/d) tended to be greater for diets 2 to 5 than for diet 1, whereas yields of fat (1.04 kg/d), protein (1.02 kg/d), fat percentage (2.94), and protein percentage (2.98) were similar for all diets. Energy-corrected milk (32.2 kg/d) and feed efficiency (1.58 kg of energy-corrected milk/kg of dry matter intake) were similar for all diets. Milk urea nitrogen (15.0, 10.9, 11.1, 11.0, and 11.4 mg/dL) as well as blood urea nitrogen (15.6, 12.5, 14.6, 13.8, and 14.2 mg/dL) were decreased in diets 2 to 5 compared with diet 1. Milk concentrations of long-chain fatty acids as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids were greater and medium-chain fatty acid concentrations were lower for diets 2 to 5 compared with diet 1. Concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 0.33, 0.68, 0.51, 0.85, and 1.07 g/100 g of fatty acids) as well as trans-10, cis-12 CLA (<0.01, 0.01, <0.01, 0.02, and 0.02 g/100 g of fatty acids) were greater for diets 2 to 5 compared with diet 1. Molar proportions of ruminal acetate decreased and propionate increased for diets 2 to 5 compared with diet 1. The results showed that CCDS is as effective as DDGS in replacing soybean meal and corn grain in the total mixed ration.

Key Words: condensed corn distillers solubles • dried distillers grains with solubles • dairy cattle


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
The production of ethanol from grains yields various byproducts and coproducts that are recovered and fed to cattle (Schingoethe, 2007). Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is one of the byproducts and is made by blending distillers solubles (sometimes referred to as "syrup" or "thin stillage") with distillers grains (DG). The use of DDGS as a protein supplement in lactating cows is well recognized (Schingoethe, 2007) even though there may be value in separating all or some of the solubles from DG for feeding directly to dairy cattle. This separation of solubles could alleviate some of the problems of inconsistency in DDGS when variable amounts of solubles are added back to DG because solubles are greater in P (~1.35 vs. ~0.4% P in DG) and in fat (~22 vs. 9% fat in DG).

Limited research has evaluated the feeding of distillers solubles separately from distillers grains. Da Cruz et al. (2005) demonstrated that feeding up to 10% of ration DM as condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) can increase milk production although there was a slight decrease in milk fat percentage. Udedibie and Chase (1988) reported that feeding 1.70 or 3.40 kg DM of CCDS per day to lactating cows satisfactorily replaced parts of soybean meal and corn in the ration and maintained milk yield. In Finland, Huhtanen and Miettinen (1992), using wet distillers solubles that contained more protein and less fat than the solubles routinely available in the United States, also observed increased milk production. Da Cruz et al. (2005) reported the composition of major fatty acids in milk fat when cows were fed CCDS but did not report concentrations of fatty acids such as cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and trans-10, cis-12 CLA. However, feeding CCDS may increase the concentration of CLA in milk because CCDS contains about 20% fat in a form that may alter ruminal metabolism.

The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the feeding of CCDS to lactating cows, determine the optimal amount to include in diets, and determine the feasibility of feeding CCDS with or without DDGS.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Fifteen Holstein cows (10 multiparous and 5 primiparous) in mid lactation, averaging 79 (±9) DIM, were used to evaluate and compare the feeding of CCDS at 2 concentrations and DDGS at 1 level of inclusion along with a mixed diet that included both CCDS and DDGS. Cows were blocked into 3 squares of 5 cows each based upon parity, production, and DIM, and within blocks were assigned to 1 of the 5 experimental diets in a mutiple 5 x 5 Latin square design trial. Treatment diets were randomly assigned after blocking. Cows were housed in a free-stall barn and fed diets in a TMR with a Calan Broadbent feeder door and box system (American Calan Inc., Northwood, NH). Cows were started under the Calan feeding system 10 d before the start of the experiment to adapt to the feeding system. Each experimental period consisted of 4 wk, with the initial 2 wk for adaptation and wk 3 and 4 for data collection.

The 5 treatments diets were: 1) control at 0% distillers grains products; 2) 18.5% DDGS; 3) 10% CCDS; 4) 20% CCDS; and 5) a mixed diet of 18.5% DDGS and 10% CCDS. Diets 2 and 3 contained 2% fat from DDGS or CCDS, respectively; diet 4 contained 4% fat from CCDS, and diet 5 contained 4% fat from distillers products (2% from each of DDGS and CCDS). Diets (Table 1Go) were formulated to contain 17% CP, using corn grain and soybean meal as the base of the concentrate mix, and distillers byproducts replacing a portion of these ingredients in the treatment diets. All diets contained 27.5% alfalfa hay and 27.5% corn silage. Forages were premixed for all diets in a mixer wagon (1999 NDE 500, Westside Implement, Clark, SD). Concentrate mix and CCDS were added to the Calan Data Ranger (American Calan Inc.) after addition of premixed forages. The DDGS were mixed into the concentrate mix at the South Dakota State University feed mill (Brookings). Condensed corn distillers solubles were transported from the ethanol plant once a month and stored in a tank with a capacity of approximately 1,100 kg. Condensed corn distillers solubles were agitated daily by circulation for about 0.5 h before incorporating into the TMR. Diets were fed in amounts to allow for ad libitum consumption.


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  		Table 1. Ingredient composition of diets1
 
Feed intake for individual cows was measured daily with the Calan Broadbent feeder door system and Data Ranger. On d 7 of each week of the study, samples of corn silage, alfalfa hay, each concentrate mix, DDGS, CCDS, and each diet were collected and stored at –20°C until analysis. Dry matter concentrations were determined weekly on an aliquot of CCDS, corn silage, alfalfa hay, and diet by drying at 105°C for 48 h, and "as-fed" amounts of ingredients were adjusted to ensure proper inclusion of CCDS and corn silage. The weekly diet DM were used to calculate DMI.

Composites were made by period for all feeds sampled. Composites were dried for 48 h at 55°C in a Despatch oven (style V-23, Despatch Oven Co., Minneapolis, MN), ground to a 4-mm particle size (Wiley mill, model 3; Arthur H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, PA), and to a 1-mm particle size using an ultracentrifuge mill (Brinkman Instruments Co., Westbury, NY). All feed samples were analyzed for true DM, ash, NDF, ADF, lignin, ether extract, and CP. True DM was determined by taking approximately 1 g of ground sample and drying at 105°C for 24 h for correction to 100% DM. Ash was determined by combusting samples in a muffle furnace at 450°C for 8 h (Undersander et al., 1993). Concentrations of NDF, ADF, and lignin were determined using the Ankom fiber analysis system (Ankom Technology Corp., Fairport, NY). The method for NDF was based upon procedures described by Van Soest et al. (1991), Robertson and Van Soest (1981) for ADF, and Lowry et al. (1994) for lignin. Crude protein was determined using method 920.87 of AOAC (2002). Ether extracts were analyzed using the Goldfish method (method 920.85; AOAC, 2002). Feed fatty acids were extracted (AbuGhazaleh et al., 2002) and prepared as butyl esters for analysis using gas chromatography (model 6890, Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA). The samples were analyzed using a flame-ionization detector with the injector port at a temperature of 230 °C and a split ratio of 100:1. The length of the column was 100 m with an inside diameter of 0.25 mm (Supelco 2560, Supelco Inc., Bellefonte, PA). The flow rate was 2.0 mL/ min of helium. Detector and column were maintained at 250 and 230°C (AbuGhazaleh et al., 2002).

Cows were milked 3 times a day at 600, 1400, and 2100 h, and a record of daily milk production was kept. Milk samples were collected at all 3 milking times for 2 consecutive days during wk 3 and 4 of each period. Composites of milk samples were made by day on a percentage by weight basis and sent to Heart of American DHI Laboratory (Manhattan, KS) for analysis. Milk components such as fat, protein, and lactose were analyzed by near infrared spectroscopy (method 972.16; AOAC, 2002) using a Bentley 2000 Infrared Milk Analyzer (Bentley Instruments, Chaska, MN), whereas MUN concentration was determined using chemical methods based on a modified Berthelot reaction (Chem-Spec 150 Analyzer, Bentley Instruments; Chaney and Marbach, 1962). Somatic cell counts were determined with a flow cytometer laser (Somacount 500, Bentley Instruments). Energy-corrected milk was determined using the equation: [(0.327 x kg of milk) + (12.95 x kg of fat) + (7.2 x kg of protein)] (Orth, 1992). Additional composites of wk 4 milk samples were made for each cow and period and prepared for milk fatty acid composition analysis using an adaptation (AbuGhazaleh et al., 2002) to the method of Sukhija and Palmquist (1988), modified to form butyl esters. The samples were then analyzed by gas chromatography (model 6890, Hewlett Packard) as described for feed fatty acids.

Cows were weighed 3 d before the beginning of the trial and on the last 3 d of each period. Body condition scores were recorded independently by 3 individuals at the start of the trial and at the end of each period. Body condition scores were made using a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 represents obese and 5 represents emaciated (Wildman et al., 1982).

Samples of rumen fluid were collected on 2 d in wk 4 of each period, approximately 2 to 3 h postfeeding by applying vacuum pressure to a hand-operated esophageal tube with a suction strainer. The first 250 mL of rumen fluid was discarded before sample collection to minimize contamination with saliva. Ten-milliliter aliquots of rumen fluid samples were mixed with 2 mL of 25% (wt/vol) meta-phosphoric acid and placed immediately into storage tubes. The rumen fluid samples were stored at –20°C until analysis for ammonia nitrogen concentration (Chaney and Marbach, 1962), and VFA (Ottenstein and Bartley, 1971) using gas chromatography (model 6890, Hewlett-Packard) with a flame-ionization detector. The injector port was at a temperature of 250°C with a split ratio of 100:1, a 15-m-long column, and a diameter of 0.25 mm (Nukal, Supelco Inc.). Flow rate was 1.3 mL/min of helium. Detector and column were maintained at 225 and 130°C, respectively.

Blood was sampled from a coccygeal vessel approximately 3 h after feeding on the last day of wk 4 of each period into vacuum tubes containing heparin (Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Rutherford, NJ). The samples were immediately placed on ice and transported to the laboratory where they were centrifuged (500 x g) and plasma separated. Plasma samples were stored at –20°C for urea N determination (Stanbio Urea Nitrogen kit, Stanbio Laboratory, Boerne, TX; diacetylmonoxime methodology) based on procedures of Feron (1939) and Wybenga et al. (1971).

Period means for all production measurements were calculated and used for statistical analysis. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Institute, 1999). The model used cow as the experimental unit and cow (parity) as the random effect. The model was:


Formula

The treatment x parity interaction was deemed insignificant because all P-values were greater than 0.20, so it was removed from the model for all variables tested. Significance was declared at P < 0.05, and tendency was indicated at P < 0.10. Preplanned orthogonal contrasts were based upon experimental objectives: 1) control vs. all other diets, 2) DDGS diet vs. 10% CCDS, 3) 10% CCDS vs. 20% CCDS, and 4) 20% CCDS vs. a mixed diet of DDGS and 10% CCDS.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Nutrient Content of Diets
The chemical composition of diet ingredients and TMR are described in Table 2Go. Calculations of items such as microbial flow, lysine composition, RUP, and RDP based on the NRC model (2001) were not made because of insufficient data on some diet components, especially CCDS. The DM percentage of CCDS (26.8%) was slightly lower than the 30% estimated before the start of the experiment and the 30.7% of DM obtained by Gilbery et al. (2006). The ether extract content of CCDS was similar to those in some studies (Da Cruz et al., 2005; Gilbery et al., 2006), but less than observed in other studies (Udedibie and Chase, 1988; Gilbery et al., 2006). Consequently, when CCDS was added to the diet, the DM content of the diets decreased to <50% while ether extract increased. The diets contained slightly less CP than originally estimated (17%), primarily because of less protein in the alfalfa than calculated. The P concentrations in the 20% CCDS diet and the mixed diet (DDGS plus CCDS) were greater than the desired 0.4% because of the high P content (1.53%) in CCDS.


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  		Table 2. Chemical composition of alfalfa hay (AH), corn silage (CS), condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS), concentrate mixes, and TMR for control, 18.5% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), 10% CCDS, 20% CCDS, and 18.5% DDGS with 10% CCDS treatment diets
 
The fatty acid composition of the CCDS, concentrate mixes, and TMR are in Table 3Go. The CCDS was high in C14:0, C16:0, C18:1, and C18:2, which is typical of corn-product fatty acids, although it was higher in C14:0 than anticipated. The inclusion of 2% fat from DDGS increased the proportion of C18:2. As expected, the total fatty acid content of diets increased when 2% fat was included in the form of 18.5% DDGS or 10% CCDS and 4% fat included as 20% CCDS or the mixed diet.


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  		Table 3. Fatty acid composition of alfalfa hay (AH), corn silage (CS), condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS), concentrate mixes, and TMR for control, 18.5% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), 10% CCDS, 20% CCDS, and 18.5% DDGS with 10% CCDS treatment diets
 
DMI and Lactational Response
Dry matter intakes (Table 4Go) were similar for all diets. Lahr et al. (1983) reported that DMI declined linearly as the DM content of TMR declined from 78 to 40%. Da Cruz et al. (2005) observed a similar type of response for DMI when feeding CCDS, whereas Schingoethe et al. (1999) reported that DMI was lower when cows were fed wet corn distillers grains in diets that were 45% DM. In an experiment conducted by Huhtanen and Miettinen (1992), DMI by dairy cows increased linearly as wet distillers solubles increased in the diet from 1 to 3 kg of DM/d.


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  		Table 4. Dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, efficiency calculations, and body characteristics for cows fed control and diets containing 18.5% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), 10% condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS), 20% CCDS, and a mixed diet containing 18.5% DDGS with 10% CCDS
 
A trend (P = 0.08) toward increased milk production was observed (Table 4Go) when cows were fed distillers diets compared with the control diet. The slightly greater energy density in distillers diets (estimated NEL 1.58 to 1.65 Mcal/kg), primarily because those diets contained more fat compared with the control diet (1.56 Mcal/kg), may have contributed to some of this increased production. Milk production was similar for cows fed the DDGS, low CCDS (10%), high CCDS (20%) diets, and the mixed diet. Da Cruz et al. (2005) also observed increased milk production for cows fed CCDS diets compared with a control diet even though there was no difference between diets containing 5 and 10% of DM as CCDS. Huhtanen and Miettinen (1992) observed a linear increase in milk production by increasing the level of wet distillers solubles in the diet. Anderson et al. (2006) and Kleinschmit et al. (2006) observed increased milk production for DDGS diets compared with the control.

Diets containing extra fat sometimes increase milk production (Palmquist and Jenkins, 1980; Maiga et al., 1995) although in the present study, cows fed 4% added fat from 20% CCDS or from the mixed diet (18.5% DDGS with 10% CCDS) did not differ significantly from those fed diets with 2% added fat (18.5% DDGS; 10% CCDS). Feeding additional fat as 10 or 20% wet or dried distillers grains with solubles (Anderson et al., 2006) increased milk production with no change in milk fat concentration. However, when Leonardi et al. (2005) fed DDGS or corn oil in diets containing insufficient amounts of forage fiber (17.4% forage NDF; NRC, 2001), milk production still increased but milk fat content was modestly decreased. Energy-corrected milk yield and feed efficiency expressed as kilograms of ECM/kilogram of DMI were similar for all diets.

The milk fat content and milk fat yield from cows did not show any significant differences between the TMR diets. Surprisingly, the milk fat percentage for cows fed the control diet (3.04%) was lower than anticipated, with the milk fat percentage for all distillers diets being <3%. Although there was no explanation for this, it may have been due to high ambient temperatures during this experiment. This study was conducted from June through September, which may have depressed feed intake and milk production, and contributed to low milk fat concentration. Reduced particle size or inadequate amounts of forage fiber can also contribute to low milk fat percentages (Grant, 1997; Leonardi et al., 2005), but did not appear to be factors in this experiment. Da Cruz et al. (2005) observed decreased milk fat concentration coupled with increased protein and lactose production when cows were fed CCDS. Udedibie and Chase (1988) observed no differences in milk fat percentages relative to the control when cows were fed 8 and 16% CCDS.

Milk protein and lactose percentages and yields were similar for all diets, which agreed with results of Udedibie and Chase (1988). Cows fed the control diet had greater (P < 0.01) MUN concentrations than cows fed distillers byproducts with values for all diets within a normal range. Distillers byproducts for which data are available have greater RUP content than many feeds (Schingoethe, 2007), which may lead to decreased production of ammonia in the rumen and consequently a reduction in MUN. Admittedly, RUP data for CCDS are lacking. Blood urea nitrogen was also greater (P < 0.05) for cows fed the control diet. Baker et al. (1995) reported that cows fed excess dietary protein have increased concentrations of urea in the blood and milk.

Body weights (mean = 656 kg) and BCS (mean = 3.39) were similar for all diets, although BCS was greater (P < 0.04) for the 10% CCDS diet than for the 18.5% DDGS diet.

Milk Fatty Acids
The fatty acid profile of milk fat is shown in Table 5Go. Concentrations of the short- and medium-chain fatty acids that are synthesized in the mammary gland (i.e., C6:0 to C16:0) were greater, whereas the concentrations of cis-9 C18:1; trans-11 C18:1; cis-9, trans-11 CLA; and trans-10, cis-12 CLA were lower in milk from cows fed the control diet compared with all other diets. Da Cruz et al. (2005) observed that C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 were greater for the control when compared with both added CCDS diets.


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  		Table 5. Milk fatty acid composition for cows fed control, 18.5% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), 10% condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS), 20% CCDS, and 18.5% DDGS with 10% CCDS treatment diets
 
The concentration of C12:0 in milk was greater for the 10% CCDS diet compared with the 18.5% DDGS diet, whereas milk from cows fed the 20% CCDS diet had a lower concentration of C16:0 than that from the 10% CCDS diet. Some of the short-chain fatty acids (C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, and C12:0) were lower in milk from cows fed the mixed diet (18.5% DDGS + 10% CCDS) compared with the 20% CCDS diet. Concentrations of cis-9 C18:1 and trans-11 C18:1 were greater for 20% CCDS compared with 10% CCDS and the other diets. Cis-9, trans-11 CLA was greater (P < 0.01) for 20% CCDS compared with 10% CCDS and was greater (P < 0.01) when fed the mixed diet than when fed the 20% CCDS diet. Concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA was also greater (P = 0.01) for all other diets compared with the control. Several studies as reviewed by Bauman et al. (2006) indicated that trans-10, cis-12 CLA increases during diet-induced milk fat depression; however, in this study, milk fat content was similar with all diets (Table 4Go).

Concentrations of long-chain fatty acids were lower and medium-chain fatty acid concentrations were greater for cows fed the control diet when compared with all other diet groups. These data are consistent with a depression of de novo synthesis in the mammary gland that is compensated for by increased availability of long-chain fatty acids from increased dietary fat (Markus et al., 1996). Analogous to the report of Da Cruz et al. (2005), the observed long-chain fatty acid concentrations were greater for 20% CCDS compared with 10% CCDS, whereas medium-chain fatty acids were greater when fed 10% CCDS. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids was greater for the DDGS-containing diets compared with the 10% CCDS diet. Unsaturated fatty acid concentrations in milk fat were greater for the CCDS diets compared with the control. The CLA desaturase index, as indicated by the ratio of cis-9, trans-11 CLA to trans-11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid), which gave an indication of the conversion between these 2 key fatty acids, was similar for all dietary comparisons.

Several studies (Palmquist and Jenkins, 1980; Elliott et al., 1993) demonstrated the importance of altering the milk fat composition by feeding, because about 40 to 45% of milk fatty acids are passed from the diet to milk fat unchanged. Increasing the intake of long-chain fatty acids by addition of feedstuffs rich in these fatty acids may improve the metabolic efficiency for increased milk production. In this study, the long-chain fatty acids, including the polyunsaturated fatty acids, were greater with the 20% CCDS and 18.5% DDGS diets. This implied that CCDS and DDGS diets were comparable with respect to increasing the polyunsaturated fatty acid and CLA contents in bovine milk. Although these fatty acids were increased in milk fat, calculated transfer efficiencies of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat were similar for all diets. Hu and Willett (2002) reported that consumption of milk rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced cardiovascular disease in humans.

Rumen Fluid Analysis
Ammonia concentration in the rumen (Table 6Go) was greater (P < 0.05) when cows were fed the 20% CCDS diet compared with the 10% CCDS diet. Cows fed the control diet had greater (P < 0.01) molar percentages of acetate and lower concentrations of propionate compared with other diets. A decrease in the ratio of propionate (glucogenic) to acetate and butyrate (lipogenic) in ruminal VFA can be related to a decreased production of liver glucose, glucose supply to the mammary gland, and lactose and milk synthesis in high-yielding dairy cows.


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  		Table 6. Ruminal ammonia and VFA concentrations for cows fed control, and diets containing 18.5% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), 10% condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS), 20% CCDS, and a mixed diet containing 18.5% DDGS with 10% CCDS
 
Ruminal acetate concentrations when fed the CCDS diets were similar to the results of Da Cruz et al. (2005) and Gilbery et al. (2006), whereas Udedibie and Chase (1988) reported a greater acetate concentration for CCDS diets than for the control diet. Less acetate production in the rumen when feeding CCDS diets might have resulted from inhibition of fiber digestion caused by the high concentration of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in those diets possibly coating feed particles or being toxic to fiber-digesting bacteria (Palmquist and Jenkins, 1980). Bateman and Jenkins (1998) reported that addition of soybean oil to the diets decreased the molar proportions of acetate and increased the molar proportions of propionate.

The concentration of butyrate was greater for the CCDS diets compared with the control and 18.5% DDGS diets, which reflected primarily a decrease in molar proportions of acetate. The concentration of isovalerate in ruminal fluid was greater for the control diet, possibly indicating more precursors for branched-chain fatty acids in the control diet (Johnson et al., 1994).


   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Results from this study indicate that CCDS can be incorporated into dairy cattle diets at greater concentrations (20%) of diet DM, as long as the final diet does not contain more than 7% fat, without adversely affecting milk production or feed intake. Yields and composition of all major milk components were similar for all diets. Concentrations of long-chain fatty acids in milk fat, including cis-9, trans-11 CLA, were greater for all distillers product diets compared with the control diet. The feeding of CCDS in place of DDGS is feasible due to the lower cost per kilogram (DM) of CCDS compared with DDGS. A practical concern with feeding more than 10% CCDS is the high P content of such diets, which may contribute to environmental pollution.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
 
The authors gratefully thank the farm crew at the South Dakota State University Dairy Research Unit (D. D. Rennich, manager) for care of the cows and assistance with data collection. The authors also wish to acknowledge partial financial support by the South Dakota Corn Utilization Council (Sioux Falls, SD) and supply of CCDS by Poet Nutrition (Sioux Falls, SD).


   FOOTNOTES
 
1 Published with the approval of the director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as Publication Number 3594 of the Journal Series. Back

2 Current address: Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2311. Back

Received for publication April 1, 2007. Accepted for publication September 11, 2007.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 


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Anderson, J. L., D. J. Schingoethe, K. F. Kalscheur, and A. R. Hippen. 2006. Evaluation of dried and wet distillers grains included at two concentrations in the diets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89:3133–3142.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

AOAC. 2002. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD.

Baker, L. D., J. D. Ferguson, and W. Chalupa. 1995. Responses in urea and true protein to different feeding schemes for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2424–2434.[Abstract]

Bateman, H. G., II, and T. C. Jenkins. 1998. Influence of soybean oil in high fiber diets fed to nonlactating cows on ruminal unsaturated fatty acids and nutrient digestibility. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2451–2458.[Abstract]

Bauman, D. E., I. H. Mather, R. J. Wall, and A. L. Lock. 2006. Major advances associated with the biosynthesis of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1235–1243.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Belyea, R., S. Eckhoff, M. Wallig, and M. Tumbleson. 1998. Variability in the nutritional quality of distillers solubles. Bioresour. Technol. 66:207–212.[CrossRef]

Chaney, A. L., and E. P. Marbach. 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8:130–132.[Abstract]

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