JDS
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Interpretive Summary
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Leonardi, C.
Right arrow Articles by Armentano, L. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Leonardi, C.
Right arrow Articles by Armentano, L. E.
J. Dairy Sci. 88:2820-2827
© American Dairy Science Association, 2005.

Effect of Increasing Oil from Distillers Grains or Corn Oil on Lactation Performance

C. Leonardi*, S. Bertics and L. E. Armentano

Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706

Corresponding author: Louis E. Armentano; e-mail: learment{at}facstaff.wisc.edu.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
The objective of this study was to evaluate production response and more specifically percentage and yield of fat in milk from dairy cows fed distillers grains with added solubles (DGS). It was hypothesized that the oil present in DGS would decrease milk fat yield. Four dietary treatments consisted of dried DGS replacing soybean meal and soybean hulls. The DGS inclusion rates as a percentage of dry matter (DM) were 0, 5, 10, and 15% DGS. To determine the role of oil in DGS, a fifth diet similar to 0% DGS with added corn oil (OIL) was included. Twenty multiparous Holsteins were assigned to a replicated, 5 x 5 Latin Square design with periods of 21 d. Diets were formulated to have similar crude protein and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration. Feeding OIL or 15% DGS resulted in similar production of milk, milk protein, and milk fat. Increasing dietary DGS linearly increased milk production and milk true protein yield. Adding corn oil increased milk yield and, although milk true protein yield also tended to increase with oil, milk true protein concentration decreased. The addition of DGS or OIL did not significantly change fat yield from 0% DGS; however, fat concentration in milk was significantly decreased by DGS due to increased fluid milk production. In diets containing approximately 28% NDF, cottonseed, blood and fish meal, feeding DGS to bring total dietary fatty acids to 5% of diet DM increased milk and milk protein yield without decreasing milk fat yield. Reduced proportions of shorter chain fatty acids and increased proportions of longer chain fatty acids in milk as dietary fatty acid content increased suggests that de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland was inhibited but this was offset by increased secretion of long-chain fatty acids, presumably absorbed from the diet. Therefore, our hypothesis that feeding corn oil either as DGS or as pure corn oil would decrease milk fat yield was not correct.

Key Words: milk production • distillers grains with solubles

Abbreviation key: DGS = distillers grains with solubles, EE = ether extract, OIL = diet containing corn oil but no DGS


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Distillers grains with solubles (DGS) is a by-product of the ethanol industry. The chemical composition of corn DGS depends on the fermentation procedure and corn characteristics. Fourteen new ethanol plants were built in the United States in 2002 and 2003, and at least 54 more plants are being planned (Wisner and Baumel, 2004). Ether extract (EE) content of DGS from newer plants may be greater than EE in DGS from older plants. From 1997 to 1999, samples of DGS were collected from 10 new and 1 older ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota (Spiehs et al., 2002). The average CP, NDF, and EE concentrations for the new plants were 30.2, 42.1, and 10.9% and for the older plant were 28.1, 35.4, and 8.2%, respectively. Ether extract ranged from 10.2 to 11.7% in the newer plants. The EE content of 464 samples of corn DGS was reported as 10.0% with an SD of 3.4% by NRC (2001).

In 2 studies, the dietary inclusion of 2% or more of oil reduced milk fat percentage and yield (Griinari et al., 1998; Dhiman et al., 2000). Replacing 2 or more percentage units of high moisture corn with soybean oil decreased milk fat percentage and yield (Dhiman et al., 2000). The inclusion of 4% (as-fed basis) corn oil decreased milk fat percentage and yield when added to an alfalfa hay-based diet containing 14.8% NDF but not when added to an alfalfa hay-based diet containing 32.1% NDF (Griinari et al., 1998). Increasing the DGS dietary percentage by replacing soybean meal or corn grain will result in increased dietary EE concentration. This increase is greater when EE content of DGS is above average.

Studies conducted in the last 10 yr reported that feeding corn DGS did not significantly affect milk fat percentage or yield (Powers et al., 1995; Birkelo et al., 2004). However, in most experiments, either the overall dietary EE concentration was low or it was confounded with differences in dietary NDF concentration. Adding DGS in place of low fat, low fiber concentrates will increase dietary oil, which could reduce milk fat secretion, but will also increase dietary NDF, which can increase milk fat secretion. When dietary concentration of total fatty acid was maintained constant and milk fat concentration was decreased by removing alfalfa forage NDF, adding NDF from distillers grains returned milk fat concentration to normal (Clark and Armentano, 1993). Powers et al. (1995) reported that feeding DGS in place of soybean meal and corn grain did not affect milk fat percentage or yield. Although feeding DGS increased dietary EE concentration from 4.4 to above 5%, NDF concentration was also increased from 32 to approximately 39%. In a more recent study, feeding wet DGS instead of rolled corn and soybean meal tended to increase milk fat percentage and yield (Birkelo et al., 2004). Although EE increased from 3.1 to 5.1%, NDF concentration was also increased from 28.3 to 42.9% (Birkelo et al., 2004). The concurrent increase in dietary NDF and EE concentration limits the ability to discern the potential negative effect of distillers grains oil from the positive effects of increased NDF on milk fat percentage and yield.

The objective of this study was to evaluate production response and more specifically percentage and yield of fat in milk from dairy cows fed DGS at various inclusion rates with similar dietary NDF concentration. Furthermore, we wanted to verify if the corn oil present in DGS was solely responsible for the decreased milk fat yield.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Animals and Diets
Twenty multiparous lactating Holstein cows were assigned to a replicated, 5 x 5 Latin Square design with periods of 21 d. Cows were randomly assigned to each square. At the beginning of the study, cows averaged (± SD) 93 ± 32 DIM and produced 45.9 ± 6.4 kg of milk daily. The sequence of treatments differed by square and was selected to balance for carryover effects. Cows were housed and fed individually in the same barn in either stanchions or tie stalls and had free-choice access to water. The Animal Care Committee of the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences of the University of Wisconsin-Madison approved all animal procedures.

Diets were mixed once daily and fed for ad libitum intake twice daily at 1100 and 1600 h. The amount of feed offered was adjusted daily to obtain approximately 10% refusals (as-fed basis). Cows were allowed to exercise daily from 0800 until 1100 h and had access to feed for approximately 19 h/d. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed the National Research Council (NRC, 2001) nutrient allowances for a lactating dairy cow 90 DIM, weighing 680 kg, eating 26.9 kg of DM daily, producing 45 kg of milk daily, and having a milk fat percentage of 3.5, and a milk true protein percentage of 3.0. All diets contained 27.0% corn silage, 18.0% alfalfa silage, 5.1% cottonseed and 49.9% concentrate (DM basis, Table 1Go), and had similar CP and NDF concentration. Dietary nutrient content was calculated based on analysis of individual forages, cottonseed, and concentrate mixtures and the dietary proportions of each used (Table 2Go). Urea was added as required to meet minimum RDP requirements (NRC, 2001). Four treatments consisted of DGS replacing soybean meal and soybean hulls at various inclusion rates. The dietary percentages of DGS on a DM basis were: 0, 5, 10, and 15% DGS. A single batch of dried DGS was obtained for the entire experiment from Badger State Ethanol (Monroe, WI). It was hypothesized that the oil present in DGS would decrease milk fat yield. However, because adding DGS altered other dietary characteristics in addition to increasing fatty acid content, a fifth diet was included to test the effect of oil only. This diet (OIL) was formulated to be similar to the 0% DGS diet but with added corn oil (Sysco, Baraboo, WI) replacing mainly soybean meal and corn grain ground. The amount of corn oil constituted 1.5% of dietary DM and was such that OIL had a total fatty acid concentration similar to the 15% diet.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Diet composition.
 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. Chemical composition of diets.
 
Sampling and Analysis
Diets were adjusted weekly to account for forage DM fluctuation. Forage samples were collected once during the second week and twice during the last week of each experimental period. Cottonseed samples were collected once during the last week of each experimental period. A sample of DGS was collected during the preparation of the grain mixes fed during the last week of each experimental period. Remaining feeds were included in concentrate mixtures specific for each diet. These concentrate mixes were sampled once during each of the last 2 wk of every experimental period. All samples were dried at 60°C for 48 h, ground to pass through a 1-mm screen (Wiley mill, Arthur H. Thomas, Philadelphia, PA) and analyzed for DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF. Within each feed, samples were composited by period and fatty acids were determined (n = 5 for each feed or mix). Orts were sampled during the last 4 d of each period, and composited by animal proportionally to the weight of feed refused each day. The composite ort samples were dried at 60°C for 48 h, and analyzed for DM and NDF. Intakes of DM and NDF were calculated utilizing dietary and orts DM and NDF data measured during the last week of each experimental period.

Cows were milked twice daily. Milk production was recorded, and milk was sampled at each milking during the last 4 d of each period. Milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, and lactose by infrared analysis (Ag-Source Milk Analysis Laboratory, Menomonie, WI) with a Fossmatic-605 (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) according to AOAC (1990). For determination of fatty acid profile, additional milk samples (4 per cow) were collected on d 20 and 21 of each experimental period, and pooled by cow within period in proportion to the volume of milk produced at each milking (n = 100). For fatty acid analysis, 330 mg of milk fat was obtained by centrifuging 30 mL of whole milk at 17,800 x g at 8°C for 30 min. Lipid extraction and fatty acids methylation were performed according to the method described by Chouinard et al. (1999). Resulting fatty acid methyl esters were injected in a gas chromatograph (Perkin Elmer Autosystem, Norwalk, CT) equipped with a 100 m (0.25 mm i.d.) open tubular fused silica capillary column wall coated with CP-Sil 88 (Chrompack #CP7489, Varian Inc., Walnut Creek, CA). Helium was the carrier gas. Each sample was analyzed under 2 different conditions. First, a temperature gradient run was performed to determine the fatty acid profile (50 to 190°C at 4°C/min). Second, an isothermal run (160°C) was used to separate most trans-octadecenoic fatty acids. Peaks were identified utilizing individual fatty acids from Supelco Inc. (Bellefonte, PA), Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO), and Matreya Inc. (Pleasant Gap, PA). Response correction factors for each fatty acid methyl ester were based on analysis of standard butter oil (CRM 164, Commission of the European Communities, Community Bureau of Reference, Brussels, Belgium) and were applied to adjust individual areas mass proportion.

The analytical DM was determined by oven drying at 100°C for 24 h, and OM was determined by ashing at 550°C for 12 h. Crude protein content was determined by microKjeldahl analysis (AOAC, 1990). Neutral detergent fiber was determined using {alpha}-amylase (Sigma no. A3306; Sigma Chemical Co.) and sodium sulfite, and corrected for ash concentration according to Van Soest et al. (1991), adapted for Ankom200 Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology, Fairport, NY). Acid detergent fiber was determined using the method described by Goering and Van Soest (1970), adapted for Ankom200 Fiber Analyzer, and corrected for ash concentration. Feed fatty acids were determined by following the procedure described by Sukhija and Palmquist (1988), and represented the sum of C8:0 to C22:1. Feeds fatty acid relative percentages were calculated as area under the curve of individual fatty acid divided by total area under the curve. The total area was calculated by adding the area of each identified fatty acid. Ether extract of DGS was determined on one composite sample according to AOAC method 920.39 (1999) using diethyl ether in a Soxtec System HT6 (FOSS North America, Eden Prairie, MN). The NFC component was calculated as 100 – (NDF + EE + CP + ash), where EE was calculated as fatty acid plus one (NRC, 2001). Reported NFC values are not corrected for neutral detergent insoluble N, and NPN.

Statistical Analyses
Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 1998). Four comparisons were tested: linear and quadratic effects of DGS, 0% DGS vs. OIL, and 15% DGS vs. OIL. Daily DMI, milk production, and milk composition obtained during the last week of each experimental period were averaged within period to obtain one observation per cow per period. The previously listed dependent variables and the milk fatty acids concentration were analyzed including in the statistical model: period, treatment, and period x treatment interaction as fixed effects. Square and cow within square were included as random effects. Values reported are least square means. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05, and a trend was reported if 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
DGS and Diet Characteristics
The DGS was 88.3 ± 1.0% DM and contained (DM basis) 28.7 ± 0.9% CP, 25.9 ± 2.3% NDF, 14.7 ± 1.7% ADF, 10.8 ± 0.5% fatty acids, 13.8% EE, and 4.5 ± 0.2% ash. Fatty acid composition of DGS was 0.1% of C14:0, 14.6% of C16:0, 0.3% of C16:1, 2.6% of C18:0, 25.7% of C18:1, 53.3% of C18:2, 1.6% of C18:3, 0.6% of C20:0, and 1.2% other fatty acids. The NRC (2001) reported that DGS was 90.2 ± 1.8% DM, and contained (DM basis) 29.7 ± 3.3% CP, 38.8 ± 7.8% NDF, 19.7 ± 4.6% ADF, 10.0 ± 3.4% EE, and 5.2 ± 1.1% ash. The EE concentration of the DGS used in the present experiment was 1 SD greater than the average value reported in NRC (2001). The NDF concentration of DGS was lower than the average value reported in NRC (2001). Clark and Armentano (1993) observed that DGS contained 31.5% NDF when sodium sulfite was included in the procedure or 39.2% NDF when no sodium sulfite was used. Therefore, the laboratory methodology used may explain the lower NDF concentration.

Diets were formulated to have similar NDF concentrations, to be isonitrogenous, and to meet minimum RDP and RUP requirements according to NRC (2001). However, increasing dietary DGS inclusion rate mainly through the replacement of soybean meal and hulls (Table 1Go) increased dietary CP concentration by 0.4 percentage units (Table 2Go). After the experiment ended, chemical composition of forages, cottonseed, and DGS, average actual DMI, and milk production were included in the NRC (2001) model. According to the NRC (2001) model, RDP balance (RDP supplied – RDP required) was positive for all diets, whereas RUP balance was +96 g/d for 0% DGS, +93 g/d for 5% DGS, –3 g/d for 10% DGS, –33 g/d for 15% DGS, and –81 g/d for OIL. The decreased RUP balance was mainly due to an increased RUP requirement, in turn due to higher milk production obtained by increasing dietary concentration of DGS. After the experiment ended, the actual EE concentration of forages, cottonseed and DGS was included in the NRC (2001) model as total fatty acid concentration plus 1 (NRC, 2001). The model estimated dietary EE concentration to be: 4.1% for 0% DGS, 4.6% for 5% DGS, 5.2% for 10% DGS, 5.6% for 15% DGS, and 5.6% for OIL. The substitution of corn grain and soybean meal with DGS was not exactly proportional across diets. Therefore, the predicted EE change among treatments was not exactly linear; however, the fatty acid content of the 10% DGS diet (Table 2Go) appears to be an overestimate when compared with the fatty acid concentration of the 0, 5, and 15% DGS diets and the NRC-predicted EE concentrations.

Intakes, Milk Production, and Composition
Dry matter intake did not differ significantly across treatments (Table 3Go). Increasing dietary concentration of DGS tended to increase NDF intake (P = 0.10). The numerically increased NDF intake was 0.2 kg/d and was due to a higher dietary NDF concentration.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 3. Treatment effect on intake, milk production, and milk composition.
 
Feeding diets with increasing DGS concentration linearly increased milk production (P = 0.009), milk true protein yield (P = 0.002), and milk lactose yield (P = 0.02). The addition of 15% DGS increased milk production by 1.6 kg/d compared with 0% DGS. When diets were initially formulated and DMI was predicted to be 26.9 kg/d for all diets, the NRC (2001) model predicted a 2.2 kg/d increase in NEL allowable milk feeding 15% vs. 0% DGS. Therefore, the increased milk production was consistent with increased dietary energy density. Various studies have been conducted where DGS were fed. Feeding DGS did not always increase milk production. In 2 comparisons, substituting DGS for soybean meal increased milk production by approximately 1 kg/d (Powers et al., 1995; Nichols et al., 1998). The increased milk production was greater when the DGS were supplemented with rumen-protected methionine and lysine (Nichols et al., 1998). When dark and possibly heat-damaged dried DGS (Powers et al., 1995) or when wet DGS (Birkelo et al., 2004) replaced soybean meal, milk production did not differ between treatments. Birkelo et al. (2004) reported that the dietary inclusion of DGS increased not only dietary EE concentration from 3.1 to 5.1%, but also dietary NDF concentration from 28.3 to 42.9%; this increased NDF may have limited milk production responses.

In the present experiment, increasing the dietary percentage of DGS linearly increased the milk true protein yield by 50 g/d. A negative effect on milk protein yield was observed when DGS constituted approximately 30% of dietary DM and corn silage was the main forage source (Owen and Larson, 1991; Birkelo et al., 2004). The negative effect of feeding DGS was probably due to a lower supply of dietary lysine when corn (corn silage and DGS) and not soybean meal constituted a large portion of the diet. In other experiments, when either alfalfa was the major forage source or DGS constituted a lower dietary percentage, milk protein yield either did not differ among dietary treatments (Broderick et al., 1990; Powers et al., 1995) or was higher feeding DGS than soybean meal (Nichols et al., 1998). In the present experiment, diets were supplemented with blood meal and fish meal to minimize the possible negative effect of feeding a lysine-limiting diet. Addition of blood meal increased milk protein production in 2 reports (Armentano, 1992, 1994). Distillers grains diets containing blood did not respond to supplemental rumen-protected lysine (Armentano, 1992) and adding a fat-coated lysine supplement replicated the response to blood meal (Armentano, 1994).

The dietary inclusion of 1.5% (DM basis) corn oil also increased milk production by 2.6 kg/d (P = 0.005) and tended to increase milk true protein yield by 45 g/d (P = 0.09). The increased milk production and milk true protein yield was similar to the increase observed when feeding DGS. In fact, feeding 15% DGS vs. OIL had similar effect on cow productivity, except that milk true protein percentage decreased from 3.09 to 3.01% (P = 0.002). However, milk true protein yield did not differ between treatments. The similarity between OIL and 15% DGS suggests that the response to feeding DGS was mainly due to the energy supplied by the corn oil present in DGS.

We hypothesized that increasing dietary EE concentration by increasing DGS would have decreased milk fat percentage and yield. Although increasing DGS inclusion rate linearly decreased milk fat percentage (P = 0.05), milk fat yield was not different among treatments. Furthermore, addition of corn oil did not significantly affect milk fat percentage and yield, and fat yield was numerically highest with OIL. The inclusion of 4% (as-fed basis) of corn oil decreased milk fat percentage and yield when added to a diet containing 14.8% NDF but not when added to a diet containing 32.1% NDF (Griinari et al., 1998). In the present experiment, a lower amount of corn oil (1.5%) and an intermediate level of dietary NDF concentration (27.8%) were applied. Although cottonseed was also present in the diet, thus increasing the overall dietary EE concentration, the combination of these dietary characteristics was not sufficient to induce grossly apparent milk fat depression.

Milk urea nitrogen changed across diets (Table 3Go), being lowest when cows were fed 15% DGS and highest when fed 5% DGS. Various studies found that the best single predictor of MUN was dietary CP concentration (Broderick and Clayton, 1997; Nousiainen et al., 2004). However, in the present experiment, the changes in MUN did not mirror the small changes in dietary CP concentration.

Fatty Acid Composition of Milk Fat
The dietary inclusion of either DGS or corn oil altered the fatty acid profile of milk fat (Table 4Go). Except for a few C18:1 isomers and C18:3, feeding either 15% DGS or OIL resulted in similar changes in fatty acid profile. Therefore, we believe that changes in fatty acid profile obtained in the present experiment from feeding DGS were due to the oil present in DGS.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 4. Treatment effect on milk fatty acid profile.
 
Increasing DGS linearly decreased the percentage of shorter chain fatty acids (C10 to C16, P < 0.0001) and linearly increased the percentage of longer chain fatty acids, for example, C18:0 (P = 0.008), C18:1 (P < 0.0001), and C18:2 (P < 0.0001). Similar changes in milk fatty acid profile were observed in other experiments (Griinari et al., 1998; Schingoethe et al., 1999; Dhiman et al., 2000). Feeding 30% of dietary DM as wet DGS (Schingoethe et al., 1999), or 4% of dietary DM as corn oil (Griinari et al., 1998) or soybean oil (Dhiman et al., 2000) decreased milk fat concentration of short-chain (C4 to C13) and medium-chain (C14 to C16) fatty acids and increased milk fat concentration of long-chain fatty acids. Milk fatty acids of chain length C4 to C14 and approximately half of C16 are synthesized de novo in the mammary gland (Bauman and Davis, 1974). The remainder of C16 and longer chain fatty acids present in milk are derived from the diet or body reserves (Bauman and Davis, 1974). It was reported previously that increasing dietary concentration of long-chain fatty acid altered milk fatty acid profile by decreasing de novo fatty acid synthesis (Grummer, 1991). To verify if de novo fatty acid synthesis was reduced, we estimated yield of fatty acids as fat yield (g of fat/d; Table 3Go) times the proportion (g of fatty acid/g of total recovered fatty acids) of fatty acid reported in the profile (Table 4Go). Estimated yields of individual fatty acids followed the same pattern as the fatty acid profile (data not shown) indicating that, in the present experiment, the oil present in DGS reduced de novo milk fatty acid synthesis. However, the decreased yield of short-chain fatty acid coincided with an increased yield of long-chain fatty acid, resulting in no differences across treatments in milk fat yield.

The concentration of most C18:1 isomers, and in particular trans-10, was increased by adding either DGS or corn oil to the diet. Bauman and Griinari (2001) suggested the use of trans-10 C18:1 as a marker of diet-induced milk fat depression. In the present experiment, the increased trans-10 C18:1 milk fatty acid concentration did not coincide with a decreased yield of total milk fat. In the present experiment, the highest milk concentration of trans-10 C18:1 was 1.3%, which was less than half the concentration observed in the treatment that induced milk fat depression in Griinari et al. (1998). However, it is likely that in our study, trans-10 C18:1 or related fatty acids did decrease de novo mammary fatty acid synthesis to some extent, but that this decrease was offset by increased C18 fatty acid secretion derived from absorbed dietary long-chain fatty acids.


   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Feeding up to 15% DGS when the overall diet contains approximately 28% NDF and 5% fatty acids increased milk and protein yield without decreasing milk fat yield. The composition of the milk fat was altered as the concentration of dietary oil from DGS or corn oil was increased.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
 
The authors thank the Wisconsin Corn Promotion Board for their financial support. Appreciation is expressed to the barn crew of the UW Emmons Blaine Dairy Cattle Research Center for animal care and feeding.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* Current address: Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Back

Received for publication February 18, 2005. Accepted for publication April 18, 2005.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 


Armentano, L. E. 1992. Determining the effectiveness of fiber in DGS when fed to lactating cattle. Distillers Feed Res. Counc. 47:99–106.

Armentano, L. E. 1994. How can we optimize the protein quality delivered to lactating cows when feeding distiller’s drains? Distillers Feed Res. Counc. 49:63.

AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.

AOAC. 1999. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, Gaithersburg, MD.

Bauman, D. E., and C. L. Davis. 1974. Biosynthesis of milk fat. Pages 31–75 in Lactation, a comprehensive treatise. Vol. 2. B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith, ed. Academic Press, New York, NY.

Bauman, D. E., and J. M. Griinari. 2001. Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: Low-fat milk syndrome. Livest. Prod. Sci. 70:15–29.

Birkelo, C. P., M. J. Brouk, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2004. The energy content of wet corn distillers grains for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1815–1819.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Broderick, G. A., and M. K. Clayton. 1997. A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2964–2971.[Abstract]

Broderick, G. A., D. B. Ricker, and L. S. Driver. 1990. Expeller soybean meal and corn by-products versus solvent soybean meal for lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa silage as a sole forage. J. Dairy Sci. 73:453–462.[Abstract]

Chouinard, P. Y., L. Corneau, D. M. Barbano, L. E. Metzger, and D. E. Bauman. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acids alter milk fatty acid composition and inhibit milk fat secretion in dairy cows. J. Nutr. 129:1579–1584.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Clark, P. W., and L. E. Armentano. 1993. The effectiveness of neutral detergent fiber in whole cottonseed and dried distiller’s grains compared to alfalfa haylage. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2644–2650.[Abstract]

Dhiman, T. R., L. D. Satter, M. W. Pariza, M. P. Galli, K. Albright, and M. X. Tolosa. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1016–1027.[Abstract]

Goering, H. K., and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Forage Fiber Analysis. (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and Some Applications). Agric. Handbook No. 379. ARS-USDA, Washington, DC.

Griinari, J. M., D. A. Dwyer, M. A. McGuire, D. E. Bauman, D. L. Palmquist, and K. V. Nurmela. 1998. Trans-octadecenoic acids and milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1251–1261.[Abstract]

Grummer, R. R. 1991. Effect of feed on the composition of milk fat. 1991. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3244–3257.[Abstract]

National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.

Nichols, J. R., D. J. Schingoethe, H. A. Maiga, M. J. Brouk, and M. S. Piepenbrink. 1998. Evaluation of corn distillers grains and ruminally protected lysine and methionine for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:482–491.[Abstract]

Nousiainen, J., K. J. Shingfield, and P. Huhtanen. 2004. Evaluation of milk urea nitrogen as a diagnostic of protein feeding. J. Dairy Sci. 87:386–398.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Owen, F. G., and L. L. Larson. 1991. Corn distillers dried grains versus soybean meal in lactation diets. J. Dairy Sci. 74:972–979.[Abstract]

Powers, W. J., H. H. Van Horn, B. Harris, Jr., and C. J. Wilcox. 1995. Effects of variable sources of distillers dried grains plus solubles on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 78:388–396.[Abstract]

SAS Institute. 1998. SAS User’s Guide: Statistic, Release 7th ed. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.

Schingoethe, D. J., M. J. Brouk, and C. P. Birkelo. 1999. Milk production and composition from cows fed wet corn distillers grains. J. Dairy Sci. 82:574–580.[Abstract]

Spiehs, M. J., M. H. Whitney, and G. C. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2639–2645.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Sukhija, P. S., and D. L. Palmquist. 1988. Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces. J. Agric. Food Chem. 36:1202–1206.

Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583–3597.[Abstract]

Wisner, R. N., and C. P. Baumel. 2004. Will there be enough corn to supply future needs? Feedstuffs 76(30):15.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J DAIRY SCIHome page
A. K. Sasikala-Appukuttan, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, K. Karges, and M. L. Gibson
The Feeding Value of Corn Distillers Solubles for Lactating Dairy Cows
J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2008; 91(1): 279 - 287.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J ANIM SCIHome page
J. C. MacDonald, T. J. Klopfenstein, G. E. Erickson, and W. A. Griffin
Effects of dried distillers grains and equivalent undegradable intake protein or ether extract on performance and forage intake of heifers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures
J Anim Sci, October 1, 2007; 85(10): 2614 - 2624.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J DAIRY SCIHome page
B. N. Janicek, P. J. Kononoff, A. M. Gehman, K. Karges, and M. L. Gibson
Short Communication: Effect of Increasing Levels of Corn Bran on Milk Yield and Composition
J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2007; 90(9): 4313 - 4316.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J DAIRY SCIHome page
D. H. Kleinschmit, D. J. Schingoethe, K. F. Kalscheur, and A. R. Hippen
Evaluation of Various Sources of Corn Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles for Lactating Dairy Cattle
J Dairy Sci, December 1, 2006; 89(12): 4784 - 4794.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J DAIRY SCIHome page
J. L. Anderson, D. J. Schingoethe, K. F. Kalscheur, and A. R. Hippen
Evaluation of dried and wet distillers grains included at two concentrations in the diets of lactating dairy cows.
J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2006; 89(8): 3133 - 3142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Interpretive Summary
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Leonardi, C.
Right arrow Articles by Armentano, L. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Leonardi, C.
Right arrow Articles by Armentano, L. E.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS