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Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
Corresponding author: J. L. Firkins; e-mail: firkins.1{at}osu.edu.
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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SP plus partially delinted CS (SPD). Diets contained 39.6% concentrate, 14.4% CS, and 46% forage (40:60, alfalfa hay:corn silage) on a DM basis and were balanced to have similar concentrations of CS protein, CS fiber, and total fat. In a production trial, dietary treatments were 1) WCS control, 2) LP, 3) SPD, and 4) SPD fed at 90%. Sixty cows averaging 105 d in milk were fed the WCS diet for 2 wk and then assigned to one of the 4 diets for 12 wk. Total tract digestibility of NDF was unaffected, but N digestibility was lower for SPD than for other treatments. Fatty acid digestibility was higher for SP and LP (82.6 and 82.3%) than for CSH or SPD treatments (78.8 and 75.3%), and WCS was intermediate (81.1%). The trans-11 C18:1 from cows fed SP and LP (6.58 and 6.24% of total milk FA) was greater than that from cows fed CSH, WCS, and SPD (3.23, 3.79, and 3.97%). The trans-10 C18:1 in milk fat from SP and LP (0.508 and 0.511%) was higher than that in WCS and SPD diets (0.316 and 0.295%); CSH was intermediate (0.429%). Using passage rates estimated from the NRC, disappearance of total FA in situ was estimated to be 17.7, 44.2, 46.6, and 35.0% for WCS, SP, LP, and SPD, respectively. In the production trial, a diet x week interaction was explained by a trend for progressively greater milk production for SPD and SPD90 than for WCS or LP. Milk fat was lower for LP (2.74%) and SPD90 (2.85%) than for WCS or SPD (3.07 and 3.08%). The fat yield was lower for LP than for SPD (1.09 and 1.30 kg/d); WCS and SPD90 were intermediate (1.23 and 1.21 kg/d). Although having a lower FA digestibility, SPD appeared to minimize negative effects of free oil from SP in the rumen, explaining higher DMI and milk production compared with WCS or LP.
Key Words: pelleted cottonseed • dairy cow • in situ • milk fatty acid
Abbreviation key: CS = cottonseed, CSH = cottonseed hulls, ERD = effective ruminal disappearance, FA = fatty acids, LP = large CS pellets, SP = small CS pellets, SPD = SP plus partically delinted CS, SPD90 = SPD fed at 90%, WCS = whole CS.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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Another method to improve handling is by partially delinting the cottonseed (CS). Diets supplemented with Pima CS, a naturally delinted variety with potentially different nutritional properties than conventional CS, had lower ether extract digestibility compared with diets with cracked seeds (Sullivan et al., 1993). The percentage of consumed seeds recovered in feces was higher with Pima (Sullivan et al., 1993) and tended to be higher for delinted CS (Moreira et al., 2004), which might indicate lower fat digestibility. Recently, Solomon et al. (2005) discussed the possibility that lower ether extract digestibility for Pima seeds might result from passage of intact fragments of seeds or from ruminal escape of triglycerides that might be more poorly absorbed than FA. Therefore, it is not known if FA digestibility of delinted CS would be lower than that of WCS. Although dairy cows fed delinted CS or WCS had similar lactation performance (Moreira et al., 2004), pelleting CS could improve fat digestibility compared with WCS or delinted CS.
In the present study, we surmised that pelleting CS would increase the rate of oil being released from the seed and thus be detrimental to ruminal processes. We hypothesized that other processing methods, such as larger CS pellets (LP) or the mixing of conventional small CS pellets (SP) in equal parts with partially delinted WCS (SPD), would moderate the free oil availability and avoid the detrimental effects to ruminal fermentation. Furthermore, the SP in the SPD treatment were projected to increase FA digestibility compared with delinted CS, but the latter were expected to be more inert in the rumen than SP. Therefore, both components were hypothesized to provide positive associative effects. Moreira et al. (2004) suggested that 0.95 parts of delinted CS were equivalent to 1.0 part of WCS, based on increased concentration of CS fat by delinting. Combining the potential positive associative effects of SP and delinted CS plus the increasing fat concentration of delinted CS, 90% SPD plus 10% more concentrate was hypothesized to be equivalent to 100% WCS. Our objectives were to determine effects of CS treatments on ruminal fat inertness and fiber disappearance in situ, total tract digestibility of nutrients, and milk FA composition in a digestibility trial followed by a production trial to evaluate overall efficacy of CS treatments for mid-lactation dairy cows.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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The 5 diets were formulated to have 46% forage, which consisted of alfalfa hay:corn silage (40:60 DM basis) to provide 18% forage NDF. The diets were fed as TMR with alfalfa hay chopped prior to mixing (Table 1
). Three replicate composited samples of TMR were placed on a bank of 6 sieves (pore sizes of 9.5, 4.75, 2.36, 1.18, 0.6, 0.45 mm) and separated on an oscillating sieve shaker for 10 min. Geometric mean diameter (based on a log-normal distribution) were 4.9, 6.3, 5.6, 5.4, 5.4, and 5.2 for CSH, WCS, LP, SP, SPD, and SPD90, respectively. Distributions of particles, as a percentage of total DM, on the 6 screens in descending order of pore size and the pan, respectively, were CSH: 15.1, 36.8, 25.9, 12.1, 6.7, 2.6, 0.7; WCS: 23.7, 44.9, 14.4, 8.5, 5.3, 2.3; LP: 16.4, 44.6, 17.9, 10.2, 6.8, 3.6, 0.5; SP: 10.7, 49.6, 16.9, 11.9, 7.1, 2.9, 0.8; SPD: 9.5, 53.7, 17.5, 10.0, 6.0, 2.6, 0.7; and SPD90: 11.0, 45.1, 18.8, 12.3, 7.9, 3.9, 1.0.
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Experimental periods consisted of 21 d; d 1 through 14 served as an adjustment period, and d 15 to 21 were for data collection. Cows were injected with Posilac (Monsanto, St. Louis, MO) 2 wk before the initiation and every 2 wk throughout the trial. Cows were weighed prior to the p.m. milking on d 7, 14, and 21 of each period; BW was averaged per period. The BCS (1 to 5 scale; NRC, 2001) of each cow were recorded at d 2 and 16 of each period. Feed offered and individual dietary components were sampled on d 14 through 17, and orts were sampled on d 15 through 18. Samples were composited by cow, sample type, and period and were frozen at –20°C. A composite of each sample was dried at 60°C and ground in a Wiley mill (Arthur H. Thomas, Philadelphia, PA) through a 2-mm screen prior to nutrient analyses.
Ruminal metabolism.
Core samples (approximately 500 ml) of ruminal contents from 8 different sites in the rumen were removed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after the a.m. feeding on d 15 of each period (Harvatine et al., 2002a). Contents were strained through 2 layers of cheesecloth, and pH of the fluid was measured immediately. A 47-mL aliquot of the filtered ruminal fluid was acidified with 3 mL of 6 N HCl to stop fermentation and frozen. After thawing, the acidified ruminal fluid was mixed, centrifuged at 15,000 x g at 4°C for 15 min, and then filtered through Whatman number 1 filter paper (Whatman, Clifton, NJ). The supernatant was analyzed for VFA concentrations by GLC (Harvatine et al., 2002a).
Disappearance of alfalfa hay NDF and CS products in situ.
Alfalfa hay and the respective CS products were incubated in situ in the rumen of the cow fed the corresponding diet during each period. The CS products were incubated in their native forms with the exception of WCS and SPD, which were cracked through a roller beforehand to mimic initial mastication. This processing of the samples seemed to be the most appropriate to evaluate the effect of the release of oil in the various CS products. The alfalfa hay was ground in a Wiley mill through a 2-mm screen. Approximately 2 g of DM of ground alfalfa hay or CS products were placed into polyester bags (10 cm x 20 cm; Ankom Technology Corp., Macedon, NY) with a mean pore size of 50 µm. Before use, the bags were dried in a forced-air oven at 55°C for 48 h for taring. Filled bags were heat-sealed 2 cm below the top. Bags were placed into a laundry bag and incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. After removal, the bags were washed until the rinse water was completely clear and were frozen at –20°C until lyophilization.
The ground alfalfa hay and CS products were analyzed for NDF using an Ankom A200 analyzer (Ankom). Half-gram samples were thermally sealed in filter bags and presoaked in acetone to prevent interference of FA with the detergent solution. The samples were refluxed for 75 min in the presence of heat-stable amylase (Sigma A3306, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and then rinsed with 2 applications of 2 L of hot distilled water containing heat-stable amylase. Excess moisture was removed by soaking the samples in acetone; the final moisture was removed using a drying oven. The CS products and their in situ residues were analyzed for Kjeldahl N (AOAC, 1990).
Fatty acid analysis was conducted with one of the procedures reviewed by Palmquist and Jenkins (2003). The FA were first methylated with 5 mL of 10% methanolic HCl (2 h at 90°C). Nonadecanoic acid (19:0) was used as internal standard. After addition of 1 mL of hexane and 10 mL of 6% K2CO3, the samples were centrifuged for 5 min at 500 x g to separate solvent layers. The organic layer was transferred to a 13- x 100-mm culture tube containing 1 g each of sodium sulfate and charcoal, capped with a Teflon-lined screw cap, and centrifuged. The samples were then transferred into 1-mL GLC auto sampler vials, capped, and stored at –20°C until GLC analysis. Retention times and response factors were determined with methyl ester standards purchased from Nu-Check Prep (Elysian, MN; GLC-60, UC-50M) and Matreya, Inc. (Pleasant Gap, PA; FIM-FAME-7).
Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by using a HP 5890 Series II gas chromatograph (Hewlett Packard Co., Palo Alto, CA) equipped with a fused silica capillary column (SP-2380; 100-m length, 0.25-mm id, and 0.2-mm film thickness; Supelco Inc., Bellefonte, PA). Methyl esters were then quantified with the ChemStation software (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, DE). Helium was used as the carrier gas. Injector and flame ionization detector temperatures were set at 223 and 260°C, respectively, and the split ratio was set at 80:1. Oven temperature was set for 140°C, held for 5 min, then increased by 4°C/min to 240°C, held for 15 min, decreased by 20°C/min to 140°C, and held for 0.5 min.
For a given nutrient (NDF, CP, and FA), the percentage of original nutrient disappearing over time of incubation was fitted for each series of data using the Marquardt option of the NLIN procedure from SAS (v9.1, SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC): y = A + B x (1 – e–kd x (t – L)), where A = the soluble fraction washing out at 0 h (%), B = insoluble potentially degradable fraction (%), kd = fractional degradation rate (/h), t = time (h), and L = lag time (h). Because L was not significantly different from zero, it was removed from all subsequent models. When no inflection in the time-course was fit (i.e., C = 0), which occurred only for WCS, bounds were set for A and B such that their sum would not exceed disappearance at 96 h for a given incubation. The indigestible (C) fraction was solved as 100% – (A + B). The effective ruminal disappearance (ERD) was estimated as ERD = A + B [kd/(kd + kp)], where A, B, and kd are the degradation parameters described previously, and kp is the rate of passage, which was calculated using NRC (2001) as kp (%/h) = 3.362 + 0.479 x (DMI, % of BW) – 0.017 x (% NDF, DM basis) – 0.007 x (% concentrate in diet DM) derived from each animal’s actual DMI and BW per period.
Total tract digestibility.
Digestibility was measured on d 15 to 18 of each period (Harvatine et al., 2002a). A pellet (400 g/d) containing 5% chromic oxide and 95% soybean meal (48% CP) was dosed through the rumen cannulas twice daily on d 9 through 18. Fecal grab samples were taken on d 15 to 18 of each period so that every 2 h in a 12-h period between feedings were represented (6 samples total). Samples were frozen during collection, dried in a forced-air oven at 55°C for 60 h, and composited for each animal by equal sample weight at the end of each period. The chromic oxide pellets were composited by period and ground manually using a mortar and pestle.
The samples of feed offered, orts, fecal contents, and individual dietary components were ground to pass through a 2-mm screen (Wiley Mill, Arthur H. Thomas, Philadelphia, PA), and nutrients were analyzed for DM, OM, and N (AOAC, 1990). Chromic oxide pellets and fecal samples were analyzed for Cr by atomic absorption spectroscopy (Williams et al., 1962). The NDF and ADF concentrations of feed, orts, chromic oxide pellets, fecal samples, and feed lignin concentration were determined using the ANKOM filter bag method that was described previously. The total FA of dried feeds, orts, CS products, and fecal contents were analyzed, as just described.
Milk production and composition.
Cows were housed in a conventional tie-stall barn with mattresses. Cows were milked at 0500 and 1700 h daily; milk yield was recorded at each milking. Four consecutive milk samples were taken at a.m. and p.m. milkings on d 17 to 19 of each period, and each sample was split into 2 aliquots. The first aliquot of the milk sample was stored at 4°C with a preservative and analyzed by DHI Cooperative Inc. (Columbus, OH) for lactose, fat, true protein, and MUN (AOAC, 1990). Milk fat and protein yields were calculated per milking. Daily milk fat and protein percentages were weighted for the amount of milk per milking. All data were averaged per period prior to statistical analysis.
The second aliquot of milk was stored at –20°C until it was analyzed for FA profile by GLC analysis. The frozen milk samples were rapidly thawed, about 20 mL were centrifuged at 12,000 x g for 20 min at 4°C, and then 300 to 350 mg of fat cake were removed. First, the FA of milk were methylated in 2 steps with 2 mL of 0.5 M sodium methoxide (10 min at 50°C), followed by 3 mL of 5% methanolic HCl (10 min at 80°C) as described by Kramer et al. (1997). Then, the samples were processed as just described for in situ samples. The concentration and production of FA were then averaged per period.
Statistical analysis.
Milk production and composition, milk FA profile, in situ degradation, and total tract digestibility data were analyzed as a 5 x 5 Latin square using PROC MIXED of SAS (v9.1, SAS Inst., Inc.) according to the following model: Yijkl = µ + Ti + Pj + ck + eijkl, where Yijkl = dependent variable, µ = overall mean, Ti = fixed effect of treatment i (i = 1,...,5), Pj = fixed effect of period j (j = 1,...,5), ck = random effect of cow k (k = 1,...,5) ~N (0, 
), and eijk = random residual ~N (0, 
). pH and VFA concentrations were analyzed over time using the model described previously but with the addition of repeated measurements within cows by periods. The covariance structure that minimized the Akaike Information Criterion generally was the first-order autoregressive structure. Significant differences were declared at P < 0.05 unless otherwise stated. Fisher’s protected least significant difference was used for mean separation.
Experiment 2: Lactation Trial
Animals and diets.
A lactation trial was performed using 60 Holstein cows (32 primiparous, 28 multiparous) arranged in a randomized complete block design. The 4 diets were formulated as described for Experiment 1 (Table 1
). Cows in their 16th week in milk received the WCS diet for a 2-wk adaptation period, which also was used as a covariate period. Then, cows were blocked by week of calving as a random effect and randomly allotted within blocks to WCS, LP, SPD, or SPD90. Cows remained on the treatment diets for an additional 12 wk after the adaptation period.
All cows were injected with Posilac starting on wk 16 of lactation and every 14 d thereafter. All housing and handling of cows were as described for experiment 1, except for the following. The BW were measured weekly for each cow, and BCS were recorded at the start of the covariate period, at the treatment assignment, and every 3 wk after that. The TMR was offered at 110% of ad libitum intake at 0600 and 1800 h. A monthly composite of each weekly TMR sample was dried at 55°C, and DM was measured at 105°C. All feed analyses were performed as described previously.
Milk production and composition.
Cows were milked at 0500 and 1700 h daily, with milk yield recorded at each milking. Milk samples were taken at 4 consecutive milkings each week, and each sample was analyzed for lactose, fat, true protein, and MUN. The milk components were weighted by milk volume and averaged by week per cow.
Statistical analysis.
Weekly data for milk production were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS in which cows were blocked by week of entry on the trial. Variables from the adaptation period (averaged over wk 16 and 17 of lactation) were used as covariates. Repeated measures within cow (diet x parity) were analyzed using the covariate structure that minimized the Akaike information criterion, which was primarily compound symmetry or first-order autoregressive, with block as a random effect. The data were analyzed according to the following model: Yijkl = µ + Di + Pj + Wk + DPij + DWik + PWjk + DPWijk + bl + cijm + Bj(Xijm – 
j) + eijkl, where Yijklm = dependent continuous variable; µ = overall mean; Di = fixed effect of diet i (i = 1,..., 4); Pj = fixed effect of parity j (j = 1, 2); Wk = fixed effect of week k (k = 1,..., 12) and its respective interactions DPij, DWik, PWjk, and DPWijk; bl = random effect of block l (l = 1,...,15) ~N (0, 
); cijm = random effect of cow m within diet i and parity j ~ N (0, ); Bj = regression coefficient (covariate) representing parity j; Xijm = covariate measurement for cow m within diet i and parity j; j = mean covariate for parity j; and eijklm = residual error ~ N (0, ). When treatment x time interactions were significant (P < 0.05), treatment effects at each week were tested using the slice option from PROC MIXED. Covariate-adjusted least square weekly means were separated by Fisher’s protected least-significant difference.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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) and were accepted well by cows. The control diet (CSH), which was formulated with the same source of protein from CS meal and NDF from CSH, had a similar chemical composition to the WCS, SP, LP, and SPD diets, except for its FA content (a 2:1 blend of Megalac:tallow). Its supplemental FA were composed of 50% of 18-carbon FA with equal proportions of C18:1 and C18:2, one third of C16:0, and the residual 15% being short-, medium-, and other long-chain FA. The ruminal inertness of Ca salts of FA has been well studied (NRC, 2001). The FA composition of the WCS, SP, LP, and SPD products was similar among treatments. Total 18-carbon FA represented almost 70% of the FA, with a preponderance of C18:2 (50% of total FA). The other 30% included nearly 22% of C16:0 and 8% of short- and medium-chain FA (data not shown). Therefore, these similar FA profiles allowed us to test the effect of CS processing on the release of oil in the rumen on ruminal fermentation and milk production.
Ruminal fermentation.
For rumen fermentation characteristics, no treatment x time interaction was significant (P > 0.10). Therefore, means for pH and VFA were averaged over all times (Table 2). The relative lack of difference among CS treatments on rumen pH or total VFA concentration is in accordance with previous studies with fats differing in saturation (Ohajuruka et al., 1991; Oldick and Firkins, 2000). Although we are aware of no studies evaluating kinetics of FA released from processed CS, Gonthier et al. (2004) demonstrated the protective effect of micronized flaxseeds, which are rich in C18:2, from rumen degradation in Holstein cows. In particular, the flaxseed-processing treatment affected neither ruminal pH nor total VFA concentrations.
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Disappearance of alfalfa hay NDF and CS products in situ.
Because of low concentrations of CP and FA in CSH (7 and 3%, respectively), the relative proportion of CP and FA from bacterial contamination (Perrier et al., 1992) was considered too high for these data to be meaningful, and data are not reported. As expected, based on fermentation characteristics, degradation of NDF of alfalfa hay in situ was not significantly different across diets (Table 3), resulting in a similar ERD between 31.9 and 35.7%.
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Many differences are noted for N kinetics of CS products (Table 3). The rolled WCS had lower washout, higher potentially digestible pools, and lower indigestible pools than SP, but the much slower disappearance rate caused ERD to be less than one-half that of SP (Table 3). Compared with SP, the LP had a higher washout pool and numerically faster disappearance rate, explaining the higher ERD for LP. Apparently, pelleting conditions were different for SP and LP, explaining differences in ERD. Compared with SP, the SPD had a lower indigestible pool; the much slower kd explains the much lower ERD for SPD compared with SP. The low C (indigestible) pools for WCS and SPD demonstrate that our rolling method prior to incubation in situ should have been sufficient for adequate microbial exposure to the feeds to simulate in vivo expectations.
For total FA, the SP treatments had a significantly greater washout, lower potentially digestible pool, and a greater indigestible pool compared with WCS (Table 3). However, the much faster rate of disappearance caused the ERD to be greater for SP than for WCS. The rate of disappearance for WCS was so slow that it was not different from zero. The LP data were similar to SP. The rate of disappearance and ERD of total FA for SPD were intermediate compared with WCS and SP.
The amounts of the C18 FA remaining in the Dacron bags are presented as a cumulative plot in Figure 1. The fast disappearance rate of C18 FA in SP and LP, especially of the cis-9, cis-12 isomer (linoleic acid), contrasts with its slower release from WCS and SPD. The residual fraction of FA for SP and LP was enriched with conjugated linoleic acids and trans-C18:1 FA compared with WCS and SPD. Both conjugated linoleic acids and trans-C18:1 FA are intermediates of the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid to stearic acid (Mosley et al., 2002). Various research groups discussed the disappearance of FA from oilseeds. Enjalbert et al. (2003) reported that 90% of the C18 disappeared over 24 h, and the rate of biohydrogenation from Canola seed increased with extrusion. Perrier et al. (1992) pointed out how the in situ disappearance of FA from crushed soybean was the combination of particles escaping through the bag pores and of true biohydrogenation; they reported a disappearance of 42% of 18-carbon FA at 4 h of incubation. Agazzi et al. (2004) concluded that discrepancies in the profile of biohydrogenation intermediates demonstrated a decreased ability of in situ techniques to accurately reflect in vivo metabolism. In our study, biohydrogenation intermediates accumulated much more than they were converted to C18:0 (Figure 1). Harfoot et al. (1973) reported an irreversible inhibition of trans-C18:1 conversion to stearic acid when initial concentration of cis-9, cis-12 C18:2 was >1 mg/mL. Various researchers have encountered accumulation of trans-C18:1 attributable to such inhibition (Wu and Palmquist, 1991; Enjalbert et al., 2003). The group B bacteria required to complete the biohydrogenation process (Harfoot and Hazlewood, 1997) might be inhibited in situ because the FA are sequestered and kept concentrated (~400 mg of FA) in the bag rather than diffusing to feed particles. Thus, we are assuming that the rates observed might not reflect actual in vivo rates, but the in situ technique still allows us to isolate the effect of CS processing for relative comparison among treatments. For example, both the disappearance of total FA and appearance of biohydrogenation intermediates in situ were similar for SP and LP, which also had similar in vivo responses (see subsequent discussion). Moreover, WCS and SPD appeared to have decreased release of FA or accumulation of FA intermediates from biohydrogenation in situ, thus supporting our conclusion that these sources are less likely to modify ruminal microbial activity or to influence milk fat synthesis compared with LP or SP.
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). The N digestibility was lower for SPD compared with CSH. The digestibility of FA was higher for SP and LP than for CSH or SPD treatments; SP and LP were similar to WCS. The CSH diet had an intermediate fat digestibility, apparently because of the tallow, which would be expected to have about 80% of the true FA digestibility of Megalac or vegetable oils (NRC, 2001). This probably would also explain the lower digestibility of 18-carbon FA; digestibility of C18:0 should be lower than that of C16:0 in tallow (NRC, 2001). However, SPD had the lowest fat digestibility. Because this was even lower than WCS and the SP component of SPD should have a high digestibility, the partially delinted CS component of SPD must have had a lower fat digestibility than WCS. Diets supplemented with Pima CS had a lower ether extract digestibility when fed to dairy cows (Sullivan et al., 1993), and it seems likely that excretion of delinted seeds might explain the lower FA digestibility in the SPD treatment. Harvatine (200b) demonstrated how passage rate decreased when WCS increased in the diets. The discrepancy might be related to the presence of linters, but excretion rates of delinted CS are variable (Moreira et al., 2004), thus demonstrating that interactions between the rumen particulate mat and trapping of processed CS for rumination are difficult to explain.
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), as would be expected for a small number of animals fed these diets for relatively short periods. Peterson et al. (2002) clearly established that a period length of 3 wk was sufficient to precisely measure the changes in milk FA profile, although lactation performance did not differ. Therefore, in our study, we consider 3-wk periods sufficient to ascertain differences in milk FA profile among diets, even if milk fat percentage was not affected significantly by diet.
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Milk fat percentage depends on a combination of supply of FA from the diet, mobilization of fat from adipose tissue, and mammary gland synthesis of FA primarily from acetate. Although there were many treatment differences in individual FA, which are presented for completeness, these differences can be summarized best as groups (Table 6). Concentrations of short- and medium-chain FA (C4:0 to C15:0, which primarily are synthesized in the mammary gland de novo) were lower with CSH, SP, and LP diets compared with the WCS diet. The inhibition of de novo FA synthesis by feeding unsaturated FA, and especially trans-C18:1 isomers, has been previously demonstrated (Piperova et al., 2004; Castaneda-Gutierrez et al., 2005). Palmitic acid and total 16-carbon FA were higher percentages of milk FA with the CSH diet compared with CS diets, probably because of the much higher proportion of C16:0 from tallow and Megalac, although this FA also is produced by the mammary gland.
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Experiment 2: Lactation Trial
Milk production and composition.
Although DMI and milk production are averaged over the entire 12-wk period in Table 7, the gradual spreading of responses explained the significant treatment x time interactions (Figures 2 and 3). Only for wk 6 and 10 were means for DMI significantly different (Figure 2); WCS trended to decrease DMI more than the SPD treatments. However, a trend for decreasing DMI for cows fed WCS seemed apparent for the second half of the trial. By the third week on the trial, milk production by cows fed LP was lower (or tended to be lower) than that for cows fed SPD or SPD90, and milk production by cows fed WCS was intermediate or lower than that for cows fed SPD or SPD90 (Figure 3). Thus, we suggest that the lower fat digestibility of SPD was compensated by increased DMI and milk production compared with WCS. Unsaturated fat can depress DMI (Firkins and Eastridge, 1994; Allen, 2000) for reasons still not totally known. The higher DMI (and therefore milk production) by cows fed SPD or SPD90 seem to imply that the slowed release of fat from the partially delinted WCS component of SPD compensates for the higher levels of free oil from the SP component; in contrast, the high fat digestibility of the SP component seems to compensate for lower fat digestibility of partially delinted WCS. Thus, the SPD product seems to combine the beneficial effects of either component and dilute the negative effects of the other.
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), and LP and SPD90 had milk fat-protein inversion. Based on trans-10 C18:1 data (Table 6), LP would have been expected to have lower milk fat than SPD or WCS. For milk fat yield, there were no significant treatment x time interactions; averaged over the 12 wk, SPD was greater than LP, and the other two treatments had intermediate results. Apparently, DMI was the major driving factor for milk production (Figures 1 and 2). In contrast, milk fat production also is influenced by synthesis or mobilization of adipose tissue. Thus, the lower milk fat yield for LP than for SPD can be partially explained by the greater BW change for LP, diverting FA from milk to adipose tissue. For older cows, BCS was greater when cows were fed WCS or SPD, and we have no explanation for this response. Cows fed SPD gained less BW than did those fed LP.
For milk protein percentage, there was a parity x treatment interaction (Table 7). There were no differences for multiparous cows, but primiparous cows had higher milk protein percentages for LP and SPD90. Dietary fat is well known to depress milk protein percentage (Doreau and Chilliard, 1997), although the mechanism has not been fully worked out. Heating during pelleting might increase RUP concentration of CS products (Arieli, 1998). The LP had a higher ERD than SP (Table 3), so RDP supply might have limited microbial protein synthesis for SPD and WCS compared with LP. Also, SPD90 had more corn and soybean meal protein to perhaps partially compensate for lower RDP of SPD. Primiparous cows are still growing, potentially making metabolizable protein more limiting than for mid-lactation multiparous cows (NRC, 2000). However, milk protein yield was not different among treatments, so differences in milk protein percentage between parities might be a result of dilution of protein by varying milk volume.
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CONCLUSIONS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Received for publication June 15, 2005. Accepted for publication August 22, 2005.
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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P. J. Moate, W. Chalupa, R. C. Boston, and I. J. Lean Milk Fatty Acids. I. Variation in the Concentration of Individual Fatty Acids in Bovine Milk J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2007; 90(10): 4730 - 4739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Relling and C. K. Reynolds Feeding Rumen-Inert Fats Differing in Their Degree of Saturation Decreases Intake and Increases Plasma Concentrations of Gut Peptides in Lactating Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, March 1, 2007; 90(3): 1506 - 1515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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), LP = larger pelleted WCS (
), SPD = combination of WCS products (small WCS pellets and partially delinted WCS product mixed in equal parts) (
), and SPD90 = SPD fed at 90% (
). Means in the same week with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).