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J. Dairy Sci. 87:1832-1839
© American Dairy Science Association, 2004.

Effects of Supplemental Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Culture on Rumen Development, Growth Characteristics, and Blood Parameters in Neonatal Dairy Calves

K. E. Lesmeister, A. J. Heinrichs and M. T. Gabler

Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802

Corresponding author: A. J. Heinrichs; E-mail: ajh{at}psu.edu.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture was added to a texturized calf starter at 0 (control), 1, or 2% of dry matter to determine effects on intake, growth, blood parameters, and rumen development. Seventy-five Holstein calves (38 male; 37 female) were started on the experiment at 2 ± 1 d of age and were studied for 42 d. Starter intake was measured, and fecal scoring was conducted daily. Growth and blood parameter measurements were recorded at weekly intervals. A subset of 6 male calves (2 per treatment) was euthanized at 5 wk of age, and rumen tissue was sampled for rumen epithelial growth measurements. An additional 6 male calves were euthanized at 6 wk of age for rumen epithelial growth measurements. Inclusion of yeast culture at 2% of the starter ration significantly increased starter and total dry matter intake, average daily gain, and daily hip width change when compared with the control treatment. Average daily gain was improved by 15.6% for the 2% yeast treatment. Daily change in hip height was also significantly greater for calves receiving 2% supplemental yeast culture than for calves receiving 1%. No significant treatment differences were observed for any other variables. These data suggest that the addition of yeast culture in a dairy calf starter at 2% enhances dry matter intake and growth and slightly improves rumen development in dairy calves.

Key Words: yeast culture • rumen development • calf

Abbreviation key: ADG = average daily gain, DS = days scoured, FE = feed efficiency, HEM = blood hematocrit, PL = papillae length, PTP = plasma total protein, PW = papillae width, RWT = rumen wall thickness, 1YC = 1% yeast culture, 2YC = 2% yeast culture


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
Influences of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture supplementation on numerous growth and production traits have been studied in most ruminant age classes. However, results are somewhat inconsistent throughout the literature, partially because of confounding effects of ration composition, level of yeast culture inclusion, and source of yeast culture product tested (Williams et al., 1991). In addition, only a few studies have utilized pre-ruminant dairy calves (Wagner et al., 1990; Quigley et al., 1992; Seymour et al., 1995; Kumar et al., 1997). When brewer’s yeast (Seymour et al., 1995) or live yeast (Wagner et al., 1990; Quigley et al., 1992) was included in calf diets at levels between 0.001% and 1.00%, DMI, average daily gain (ADG), percentage of days scoured (DS), rumen ammonia, rumen lactic acid production, and ruminal propionate were either decreased or not affected. However, yeast culture has increased feed efficiency (FE), rumen pH, total ruminal VFA concentration, and ruminal butyrate and acetate production when included in calf diets (Quigley et al., 1992; Kumar et al., 1997). Williams et al. (1991) suggested that calf diet supplementation with yeast culture may increase rumen pH regulation via reduced lactic acid production.

Regulation of ruminal pH and reduced lactic acid production are of interest in rumen development research because of the influence of these parameters on intake and parakeratosis (Bull et al., 1965; Hinders and Owen, 1965). Furthermore, increased butyrate production, decreased lactic acid production, and, subsequently, increased rumen pH may synergistically influence neonatal calf rumen development (Flatt et al., 1958; Sander et al., 1959). However, the effects of supplemental yeast culture on rumen development have not been determined. Previous research also indicates yeast culture affects feed constituent digestibility, microbial production and efficiency, and AA flow to the duodenum (Erasmus et al., 1992; Mutsvangwa et al., 1992; Yoon and Stern, 1996). In addition, increased feed component digestibility via increased ruminal microbial production and efficiency may also influence butyrate production. Furthermore, increased microbial nitrogen flow and AA presentation to the duodenum may aid overall calf growth and development (Erasmus et al., 1992; Mutsvangwa et al., 1992; Yoon and Stern, 1996). It is hypothesized that yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture inclusion in a dairy calf starter would aid rumen development and calf growth. Therefore, this trial was conducted to determine the effects of supplemental yeast culture in a dairy calf starter on rumen development, feed intake, structural growth, scour occurrences, and blood component concentrations.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
Animals, Housing, and Diet
Seventy-five Holstein calves (38 male; 37 female) were separated from their dams shortly after birth, randomly assigned by sex to a treatment, blocked by birth date (25 blocks per treatment), and placed on experiment at 2 ± 1 d of age. Abrupt weaning occurred at 35 ± 1 d of age; calves were maintained on the study until 42 ± 1 d of age. Treatments consisted of a texturized calf starter containing 0% (control), 1% (1YC), or 2% (2YC) supplemental yeast culture as a percentage of starter DM (Diamond V XP Yeast Culture; Diamond V Mills, Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA). Calves were housed in a naturally and mechanically ventilated barn and kept in 1.2-m x 2.4-m individual pens bedded with wood shavings. Nose-to-nose contact between calves was minimized by pen arrangement. All calves received 4 L of colostrum within 12 h of birth followed by 4 feedings of colostrum. Calves received a 20% CP, 20% fat, and non-medicated milk replacer containing all-milk protein (Land O’ Lakes Animal Milk Products Co., Arden Hills, MN; metabolizable energy = 4.75 Kcal/kg DM, [NRC, 2001]) from 3 d of age until weaning. Milk replacer was provided in 2 equal feedings at 10% of birth weight daily until abrupt weaning. Texturized calf starter was offered ad libitum, and intake was measured daily, beginning when calves were placed on the study. Water was provided free choice and changed 2x daily. Calves were cared for and maintained according to guidelines stipulated by The Pennsylvania State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

Starter Nutrient Composition
Starter samples were analyzed in duplicate for moisture (AOAC, 1990). Crude protein (AOAC, 2000) was analyzed using a Leco FP-528 Nitrogen Combustion Analyzer (Leco, St. Joseph, MI), and soluble CP was determined as described by Krishnamoorthy et al. (1982) where insoluble protein was recovered on 7-cm diameter filter paper and introduced into a Leco FP-528 Nitrogen Combustion Analyzer for determination of CP (AOAC, 2000). Values for total digestible nutrients, net energy for maintenance, and net energy for gain were calculated using the NRC (2001) model. Starter samples were analyzed for NDF, ADF, and crude fat (AOAC, 1990) using a Tecator Soxtec System HT 1043 Extraction unit (Tecator, Foss NA, Eden Prairie, MN). Heat stable {alpha}-amylase (no. A3306; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) was included in the NDF procedure. Ash and mineral content were determined (AOAC, 1990) utilizing a Perkin Elmer 3300 XL ICP (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT). Values for non-fibrous carbohydrates were calculated as 100 – (% NDF + % CP + % fat + % ash [NRC, 2001]). Calf starter ingredient and nutrient composition are presented in Tables 1Go and 2Go, respectively. By design, nutrient composition was similar between treatments with the exception of yeast culture content.


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  		Table 1. Ingredient composition of texturized calf starter containing 0 (control), 1 (1YC), or 2% (2YC) supplemental yeast culture.
 

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  		Table 2. Nutrient composition of texturized calf starter containing 0 (control), 1 (1YC), or 2% (2YC) supplemental yeast culture.1
 
Fecal Scoring and Experimental Measurements
Fecal scoring for determination of fecal fluidity, consistency, odor, and DS was conducted daily utilizing the procedure of Larson et al. (1977). Scoring was as follows: for fecal fluidity, 1 = normal, 2 = soft, 3 = runny, or 4 = watery; for fecal consistency, 1 = normal, 2 = foamy, 3 = mucous, 4 = sticky, or 5 = constipated; and for fecal odor, 1 = normal, 2 = slightly offensive, or 3 = highly offensive. A scour day was recorded if fecal fluidity = 3 or 4, fecal consistency = 3, and fecal odor = 2 or 3. Weekly measurements of BW, withers height, hip height, hip width, and heart girth were recorded. Blood samples (25 mL) were collected weekly at 4 h post a.m. milk feeding via jugular venipuncture into evacuated tubes containing EDTA for blood hematocrit (HEM), plasma total protein (PTP), and plasma ßHBA determination. Samples from wk 4, 5, and 6 were analyzed for plasma ßHBA using the Stanbio ß-Hydroxybutyrate LiquiColor® kit (Procedure No. 2440; Stanbio Laboratory, Boerne, TX). The HEM and PTP for wk 0 to 6 were determined according to Naylor and Kronfeld (1977) and McBeath et al. (1971), respectively.

Rumen Tissue Sampling
A subset of 6 male calves (2 per treatment) was euthanized at 6 wk of age using captive bolt stunning and exsanguination. Digestive tracts were harvested, emptied, and rinsed with cold water, and rumen tissue samples were collected for analysis of papillae length (PL), papillae width (PW), and rumen wall thickness (RWT) according to Lesmeister et al. (2004). An additional set of 6 male calves (2 per treatment) was randomly assigned to treatments and euthanized at 5 wk of age to investigate a yeast culture effect on extent of rumen development at weaning. Similar rearing procedures and tissue sample collection were used.

Statistical Analyses
Data for intake, growth, and blood parameters were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with 25 blocks; rumen development data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. A repeated measures analysis was conducted using the MIXED procedure of SAS (1999), with block and calf utilized as the random effect for the growth and rumen development analyses, respectively. Differences were noted at P < 0.05 and P < 0.10 for the growth and rumen development analyses, respectively. The statistical model utilized for analyses was


where

zytc=observed values for BW, DMI, FE, hip height, withers height, hip width, heart girth, HEM, PTP, ßHBA, PL, PW, or RWT taken from the calf c receiving the level of yeast culture y at time t;

µ=overall mean of the population;

{alpha}y=fixed effect of level of yeast culture y where y = 0, 1, or 2% supplemental yeast culture;

ßt=random effect of the measurement taken at time t where t = 1 to 42 d for intake analysis; 0 to 6 wk for growth, HEM, and PTP analyses; 4 to 6 wk for plasma ßHBA analysis; and wk 5 or 6 for rumen development analysis;

({alpha}ß)yt=effect of the interaction between level of yeast culture y and the measurement taken at time t; and

eytc=error associated with the measurement taken from calf c receiving level of yeast culture y at time t,


Birth weight was included in the model as a covariate for pre-weaning and overall ADG analyses, and weaning weight was the covariate for post-weaning ADG analysis. Initial measurements for hip height, withers height, heart girth, and hip width were included in the model as covariates for their respective analyses. For the HEM analysis, PTP was included as a covariate. Average overall starter DMI was utilized as a covariate for all rumen development analyses. A sex effect was included in all models except for rumen development, but was not significant.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
Intake and BW Gain
Table 3Go presents least squares means for initial, weaning, and final BW; ADG; FE (feed:gain); and milk replacer, starter, and total DMI. Values for ADG, DMI, and FE are presented for pre-weaning (wk 1 to 5), post-weaning (wk 6), and overall (wk 1 to 6) periods. Initial BW and, therefore, milk replacer DMI were not significantly different between treatments. In addition, FE prior to weaning was not significantly influenced by adding yeast culture to the starter ration. Starter DMI for calves receiving 2YC starter tended to be higher prior to weaning (P = 0.07) and was significantly higher post-weaning (P < 0.02) and overall (P < 0.01) when compared with control calves; starter DMI in calves fed 1YC starter was intermediate but not statistically different from either control or 2YC. Total DMI (milk + starter) for 2YC calves was significantly higher prior to weaning (P < 0.02) and overall (P < 0.01) than that for control calves and tended (P = 0.08) to be higher for 2YC than for 1YC calves during the same periods. Results for DMI from the current study partially support the findings of Quigley et al. (1992), who found numerically increased starter and total DMI prior to weaning. Conversely, significantly higher starter and total DMI for calves receiving 2YC starter post-weaning and overall in the current study are in contrast to the results of Quigley et al. (1992), who indicated a significant decrease in DMI post-weaning and overall with supplemental yeast culture. However, the yeast culture content for 2YC starter was greater by a factor of 10 in the current study in comparison with that incorporated in the Quigley et al. (1992) study. In addition, others have found decreased DMI when brewer’s yeast (Seymour et al., 1995) or live yeast (Wagner et al., 1990) was added to calf diets. Williams et al. (1991) indicated that yeast culture beneficially alters conditions detrimental to cellulolysis, thereby possibly influencing intake. No forages were offered to calves in this study; therefore, the possible effects of yeast on cellulolysis likely remained unexploited.


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  		Table 3. Pre- and postweaning least square means for intake and BW of Holstein calves receiving 0 (control), 1 (1YC), or 2% (2YC) supplemental yeast culture in a texturized calf starter.
 
Average daily gain prior to weaning was not significantly different between treatments but tended (P = 0.06) to be higher for calves receiving 2YC starter than for calves receiving 1YC starter. However, ADG post-weaning was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for calves receiving supplemental yeast culture than for control calves. Overall, ADG was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for 2YC calves than for control calves and tended (P = 0.05) to be higher for calves receiving 2YC starter than for calves receiving 1YC starter. Increased overall ADG for 2YC calves resulted in a tendency (P = 0.08) for higher weaning BW in calves receiving 2YC starter when compared with control and 1YC calves. In addition, final BW was significantly (P < 0.03) greater for calves receiving 2YC than for control calves and tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for calves receiving 2YC starter than for calves receiving 1YC starter. Calves receiving 2YC starter tended (P = 0.07) to require less feed per kg of BW gain than control calves post-weaning. A tendency (P = 0.09) for increased FE was also observed for 2YC calves when compared with control and 1YC calves on an overall basis. Calves fed starter containing brewer’s yeast (Seymour et al., 1995) or a low level of live yeast (Wagner et al., 1990; Quigley et al., 1992) have not exhibited increased ADG in previous studies; however, dietary inclusion levels were higher, and yeast product tested was different, in the present study. Increased ADG observed in the current study may also be attributed to a residual effect of increased starter DMI and, therefore, increased gut fill.

Observed ADG from the current study was compared against predicted values for ADG calculated using NRC (2001). However, differences between actual and predicted values must be interpreted carefully, especially for post-weaned ruminant calves weighing <100 kg because of age, diet, and BW differences between calves in the current study and calves contained within the NRC (2001) data. The NRC (2001) indicated a void in the literature for calorimetric and/or comparative slaughter research conducted with weaned, ruminant calves weighing <100 kg. In addition, Blaxter (1967) indicated decreases in utilization efficiencies of energy and protein for growth as calves aged, and BW and fat deposition increased as the diet changed. Therefore, comparisons of observed and predicted ADG are likely only valid for pre-weaned calves from the current study. However, because of the current popularity of alternative calf feeding programs (i.e., accelerated growth, early weaning) and the concomitant possibility for altered weaning age and diet with these new programs, results for predicted ADG during the post-weaning and overall period are included in an effort to stimulate future research (Table 3Go).

Average daily gain for all treatments during the pre-weaning period and for calves receiving the control and 1YC starter overall were lower than predicted by the model. However, actual post-weaning ADG was higher for all treatments than predicted by the NRC (2001) model. Lower actual pre-weaning and overall ADG may indicate an inefficient utilization of protein and energy present in a ration containing milk replacer and starter or that the NRC (2001) model over-predicts ADG when milk replacer is included in the ration. In contrast, higher actual post-weaning ADG may indicate more efficient utilization of starter nutrients than predicted by the NRC (2001) model. However, as stated earlier, comparisons between actual and predicted ADG for the post-weaning and overall periods must be interpreted carefully and may not be valid because of weaning age, BW, and dietary differences between the current study data and NRC (2001) data.

Structural Growth
Least squares means for initial, final, and average daily change of hip height, withers height, hip width, and heart girth are presented in Table 4Go. There were no significant treatment differences for initial structural growth measurements or final hip height and wither height. Average daily hip height change was (P < 0.03) greater for calves receiving 2YC starter than for calves receiving 1YC starter. Average daily withers height change for 2YC calves was significantly greater than that for controls (P < 0.01) and tended to be greater than 1YC (P = 0.09) calves, resulting in 2YC calves having a significantly greater (P < 0.05) final hip width than control calves and a tendency for greater final hip width in 2YC than in 1YC (P = 0.05) calves. Final heart girth for calves receiving 2YC starter tended (P = 0.05) to be greater than that for control calves because of a tendency (P = 0.09) for higher average daily heart girth change for 2YC calves than for control calves. In addition, final heart girth for calves receiving 2YC starter was significantly (P < 0.04) greater than that for 1YC calves. Increases in daily hip width and heart girth changes for calves receiving 2YC starter when compared with control calves may indicate increased body capacity, subsequently resulting in the observed differences for DMI and ADG between these 2 treatments (Van Soest, 1994; Forbes, 1995). Mir and Mir (1994) indicated that yeast culture resulted in a numerical increase in carcass weight but a decrease in meat yield, possibly suggesting a yeast culture effect on bone growth. Increased structural growth in calves receiving 2YC starter may be the result of additional energy and nutrients available for skeletal deposition due to the observed increase in starter DMI for 2YC calves. However, this occurrence is not certain because of the limited indication of a yeast culture influence on structural growth, in mature or immature ruminants, in the literature.


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  		Table 4. Least squares means for structural growth measurements for Holstein calves receiving 0 (control), 1 (1YC), or 2% (2YC) supplemental yeast culture in a texturized calf starter.
 
Blood Parameters
There were no treatment effects for blood parameters measured over time; therefore, Table 5Go presents overall least squares means for HEM, PTP, and plasma ßHBA concentration. These values are consistent with expected values for calves of this age, and no treatment differences were observed for HEM, PTP, or ßHBA. Quigley et al. (1992) reported a significantly increased (P < 0.01) plasma ßHBA at 4 h after feeding and a significantly greater (P < 0.05) change in ßHBA from 0 to 4 h. Blood samples were taken at approximately 4 h after feeding in the current study; however, pre- and post-feeding changes were not measured, and yeast culture effects on plasma ßHBA were not observed.


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  		Table 5. Least squares means for blood parameter measurements and days scoured for Holstein calves receiving 0 (control), 1 (1YC), or 2% (2YC) supplemental yeast culture in a texturized calf starter.
 
DS
Least squares means for DS are presented in Table 5Go. No treatment differences were observed for DS in the current study. Seymour et al. (1995) indicated a numerical, but nonsignificant, decrease in DS when brewer’s yeast was included at 1%, attributing these results to increased growth of beneficial gut microorganisms, establishment of normal gut fermentation, and subsequent reduction in stress and digestive upset. In addition, Cole et al. (1992) reported decreased morbidity and mortality rates and number of treated sick days when yeast culture was included in feeder calf diets. However, similar yeast culture influences were not observed in the current study, possibly because of low incidences of scouring across treatment groups.

Rumen Development
Least squares means for PL, PW, and RWT from calves utilized to determine the effects of yeast culture on rumen development parameters are presented in Table 6Go. No differences for rumen development parameters were observed between calves euthanized at 5 or 6 wk of age; therefore, Table 6Go also includes results from combined analyses. There were no significant differences between treatments for rumen development parameters at either age or with the combined analyses. However, at the time of weaning PL and PW were 19 and 21% greater, respectively, in calves fed 2YC starter than in calves receiving the control starter. In addition, the combined analyses indicated a 20 and 12% increase in PL and PW, respectively, for 2YC calves compared with control calves. Previous rumen development research has reported dry ration effects on rumen development parameters but has focused on dietary physical form or dietary type (i.e., concentrates vs. forages) (Stobo et al., 1966; Nocek et al., 1984; Greenwood et al., 1997). Others have found age-related differences in rumen development parameters (Nocek et al., 1984; Klein et al., 1987; Zitnan et al., 1999). Rumen development appeared to increase slightly when calves consumed 2YC starter. Drawing definite conclusions of a yeast culture effect on rumen development at wk 5 or 6 for calves is difficult because of limited calf numbers (Lesmeister et al., accepted). However, the combined analysis should contain a sufficient number of calves (Lesmeister et al., accepted) and does indicate a slight increase in rumen development parameters when calves consumed 2YC starter.


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  		Table 6. Least squares means for rumen development measurements for Holstein calves receiving 0 (control), 1 (1YC), or 2% (2YC) supplemental yeast culture in a texturized calf starter.
 

   CONCLUSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 
Increases in starter and total DMI, ADG, and daily hip height and hip width changes indicate a positive influence of yeast culture on dairy calf growth, especially at the 2YC inclusion level. However, increased ADG in calves receiving 2YC starter may be an effect of residual gut fill and/or increased bone growth. Calves receiving 2YC also exhibited a slight improvement in rumen development parameters. Furthermore, inclusion of yeast culture in calf starters did not negatively influence other parameters measured. Therefore, increased DMI, ADG, and the slight improvement in rumen development may warrant yeast culture inclusion in dairy calf starters. In addition, the results seem to indicate that increasing the level of dietary yeast culture may influence intake and BW gain in an additive fashion. Therefore, research determining the optimum yeast culture inclusion rate in dairy calf diets should be conducted.

Received for publication December 5, 2003. Accepted for publication December 22, 2003.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 


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S. R. Hill, B. A. Hopkins, S. Davidson, S. M. Bolt, D. E. Diaz, C. Brownie, T. Brown, G. B. Huntington, and L. W. Whitlow
The addition of cottonseed hulls to the starter and supplementation of live yeast or mannanoligosaccharide in the milk for young calves
J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2009; 92(2): 790 - 798.
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K. M. Daniels, S. R. Hill, K. F. Knowlton, R. E. James, M. L. McGilliard, and R. M. Akers
Effects of Milk Replacer Composition on Selected Blood Metabolites and Hormones in Preweaned Holstein Heifers
J Dairy Sci, July 1, 2008; 91(7): 2628 - 2640.
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S. X. Tang, G. O. Tayo, Z. L. Tan, Z. H. Sun, L. X. Shen, C. S. Zhou, W. J. Xiao, G. P. Ren, X. F. Han, and S. B. Shen
Effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on in vitro fermentation characteristics of low-quality cereal straws
J Anim Sci, May 1, 2008; 86(5): 1164 - 1172.
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V. J. A. Magalhaes, F. Susca, F. S. Lima, A. F. Branco, I. Yoon, and J. E. P. Santos
Effect of Feeding Yeast Culture on Performance, Health, and Immunocompetence of Dairy Calves
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