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Effects of Ad Libitum Milk Intake on Dairy Calves

Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada

Corresponding author:
Daniel M. Weary; e-mail:
danweary{at}interchange.ubc.ca

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

 
Conventional milk feeding for calves (by bucket twice daily at a total of 10% of body weight) was compared with feeding milk for ad libitum consumption from a nipple. Calves were weaned gradually between d 37 and 42 by diluting the milk with water, and body weight and feed consumption were followed until d 63. Calves fed ad libitum drank 89% more milk than calves fed conventionally during the preweaning period, but the ad libitum-fed calves ate only 16% as much calf starter and 17% as much hay. Consumption of starter and hay increased rapidly after weaning, and treatment differences disappeared. Probably as a result of the much higher intake of milk, the ad libitum-fed calves gained 63% more weight than the conventionally fed calves before weaning, resulting in a 10.5-kg weight advantage on d 35. During and immediately after weaning, the rate of weight gain slowed for both treatment groups, but recovered by approximaely d 49. There were no treatment differences in weight gains over the weaning or postweaning periods, and at the end of the experiment on d 63, the calves fed ad libitum maintained an advantage in mean (± SEM) body weight (89.07 ± 2.47 kg vs 81.07 ± 2.47 kg for the conventionally fed calves). Incidence of diarrhea was low and did not differ between treatment groups. We conclude that ad libitum nipple feeding of milk to dairy calves can allow for increased milk intake and weight gain with no detrimental effects on intake of solid food after weaning.

Key Words: calf management • feeding system • weaning • diarrhea

	INTRODUCTION

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Intensively reared dairy calves are typically separated from the cow within 24 h of birth and fed restricted quantities of milk until weaning. One common practice is to provide calves with milk twice a day, for a total of approximately 10% of the calf’s BW, such that a 40-kg calf would receive two meals each of approximately 2 kg. In contrast, a calf left with its dam will suckle on average 7 to 10 times a day and consume much more milk (Albright and Arave, 1997). Likely as a result of this increased frequency and total intake of milk, calves kept with the cow gain weight at several times the rate of conventionally reared calves. For example, in one experiment, we kept one group of calves with the cow for 2 wk after birth, and these calves were allowed to suckle freely (Flower and Weary, 2001). Control calves were separated from the cow within 24 h and then fed milk at 10% of BW/d. At the end of the 2 wk, the calves kept with the cows had gained 16.5 kg, compared with 4.5 kg for the conventionally fed calves. Similar weight advantages have been shown in other studies in which the cow and calf are kept together (e.g., Metz, 1987).

For a number of reasons, producers may be reluctant to delay separation, but improvements in milk-feeding practices for calves that are separated from the cow may allow for some improvements in early weight gains. One simple method of increasing milk intake is to provide milk for ad libitum consumption through a teat. This system allows calves to express their natural sucking behavior (Hammell et al., 1988), and may improve digestion (de Passillé et al.,1992). Our group’s work with this type of calf feeding has shown that calves consume an average of approximately 10 kg of milk per day, spread over 10 meals (Appleby et al., 2001). Not surprisingly, calves fed in this manner gained more weight; specifically, these calves gained weight 2.4 times faster than conventionally fed controls during the first 2 wk of life, and 1.4 times faster than controls during the subsequent 2 wk. Indeed, a number of studies have shown that feeding increased quantities of milk or milk replacer improves the rate of calf weight gains (e.g. Marshall and Smith, 1969).

Despite this evidence, most producers continue to feed restricted quantities of milk to calves, perhaps because of the perception that increased milk intake leads to a higher incidence of diarrhea, or that it leads to reduced intake of solid feed, resulting in reduced weight gains after weaning. The current experiment was designed to compare the effects of ad libitum milk intake vs conventional feeding on these measures. Specifically, we measured milk, starter, and hay intake, BW, and incidence of diarrhea from birth through weaning until calves reached 63 d of age.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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The experiment was conducted at the University of British Columbia’s Dairy Education and Research Centre, in Agassiz, British Columbia. Female Holstein calves (n = 28) were separated from their mothers within 24 h of birth, weighed, moved into individual pens and fed 4 L of colostrum over two feedings. Calves were alternately assigned to the conventional or the ad libitum milk feeding treatment, and housed in individual pens interspersed evenly throughout the calf barn. Pens had solid wooden sides, with openings in the front and rear to allow calves free access to a barley-based starter (87.1% DM, 21.6% CP), chopped fescue hay (80.4% DM, 18.7% CP), and water from a bowl drinker. Birth weights were similar for the conventionally and ad libitum-fed calves (42.0 ± 0.9 and 42.9 ± 1.0 kg, respectively; P > 0.10). Calves were raised as replacement heifers for our closed herd.

All calves were fed whole milk, including milk from fresh and treated cows (i.e., "waste milk"). Conventionally fed calves were given milk from open, 5-L plastic buckets twice daily (0800 and 1700 h). Milk weight totaled 10% of the calf’s BW, distributed evenly across the two feedings. Calves were weighed twice weekly and on the day after weaning (d 43), and milk weight was adjusted individually according to each calf’s weight. Ad libitum-fed calves were allowed continuous access to milk via a nipple. The soft, rubber nipple (Fullwood Ltd., Norfolk, UK) was attached to the pen wall with a tightly fitted collar 64 cm above the floor. A small metal tube ran from the collar of the nipple and connected to a plastic tube that ended with a weighted one-way valve in the 23-L bucket. Fresh milk was weighed and distributed twice daily. Prior to the morning feed, leftover milk was weighed and discarded, and the milk feeding system cleaned.

Gradual weaning began in the evening of d 37 by diluting the milk with water by 10% of the total volume. The amount of water increased by 10% of total volume at each feeding so that on the morning of d 42, calves received 100% water. Calves continued to receive water from the milk-feeding system (nipple or bucket) until d 56, in addition to the water from the bowl drinker that was always available. This careful weaning method was employed to reduce the variation in weight gains and solid food intake and, thus, provides a more sensitive test of the feeding treatment than would be possible with abrupt weaning.

Milk intake was measured daily, and BW, as well as starter and hay consumption were measured twice a week. Any diarrhea (code 3 or 4 according to Larson et al., 1977) was noted daily and treated with electrolytes. Average daily gain, and average daily intake of milk, starter, and hay ,were calculated for each of the three phases of the experiment: preweaning (d 0 to 36), weaning (d 37 to 42), and postweaning (d 43 to 63). Body weight at the end of each each phase and the number of days scouring were also calculated for each of these three periods. Analysis of covariance was used to test the effects of treatment on these dependent variables using calf birth weight as the covariate and an error term with 25 degrees of freedom. For all inferential comparisons, means are reported ± 1 SEM.

	RESULTS

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Daily milk consumption for the conventionally fed calves increased slowly from 4.2 kg on d 1 to 5.7 kg on d 36 (Figure 1). In contrast, consumption by the ad libitum-fed calves increased to over 9 kg by d 4, declined somewhat during the next week, and increased to a plateau of 9 to 10 kg until weaning, resulting in a significant difference in average daily milk intake (Table 1). The ad libitum-fed calves consumed on average 316 kg of milk prior to weaning, compared with176 kg for the conventionally fed calves. From d 37 to 42, milk consumption declined rapidly in both groups as a result of the gradual dilution of the milk meals with water, but even over this dilution phase, the ad libitum-fed calves consumed significantly more milk.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Mean (± SE) daily intake of milk, measured in kilograms. Values are shown separately for calves fed conventionally (n = 14; by bucket twice daily for a total of 10% BW as measured twice weekly ) and ad libitum by nipple (n = 14;). Calves were weaned gradually by diluting milk with water between d 37 and 42.

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Mean (± SE) intake of A) calf starter and B) hay, expressed in kg/d. Values are shown separately for calves fed conventionally (n = 14; by bucket twice daily for a total of 10% BW;) and ad libitum by nipple (n = 14;). Weights were recorded twice weekly.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Mean (± SE) BW (kg) of calves fed conventionally (n = 14; by bucket twice daily for a total of 10% BW; ) and ad libitum by nipple (n = 14). Intakes were determined twice weekly.

Incidence of diarrhea was low in both groups. The average number of days that diarrhea was noted was 1.3 ± 0.8 d for the ad libitum fed calves and 0.7 ± 0.8 d for the conventionally fed calves (P > 0.10). All cases were recorded within the first 3 wk of birth, with most occurring during wk 2.

	DISCUSSION

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Dairy calves are clearly able to consume much more milk than they are typically provided. In this experiment, the calves fed ad libitum consumed an average of 8.8 kg/d, compared to 4.7 kg/d for the conventionally fed calves. Our previous study (Appleby et al., 2001), and other studies on calves fed ad libitum (e.g., Hammell et al., 1988), showed similar levels of intake.

Calves that were provided with more milk consumed less calf starter and hay, corresponding well with previous work (e.g., Khalili et al., 1992). However, we found no evidence that this reduced intake before weaning led to reduced intakes after calves were weaned from milk. Rather, intake of solids in both treatment groups increased rapidly as milk supply was first reduced, and then stopped, with no treatment differences in intake of starter or hay during the weaning or postweaning periods. Other studies have found similar results (e.g. Leaver and Yarrow, 1972).

The effects of increased milk consumption more than compensated for the reduced intake of hay and starter before weaning, such that the calves fed ad libitum gained more weight than the conventionally fed calves before weaning, and maintained that weight advantage until at least 9 wk of age. Previous work has shown that early weight advantages can be maintained far beyond the scope of the increased feeding (e.g., Riordan and Everett, 1972). Thus, this early weight advantage may lower the age at first calving, reducing the costs of production (Cady and Smith, 1996). Also, unlike older heifers, high growth rates for calves under 90 kg have no negative effects on mammary development (Sejrsen et al., 2000). It appears that the biology of the calf allows for rapid growth during during the first few weeks of life. If this early opportunity for rapid gains is not met, high levels of intake later in life may not allow for compensatory growth.

In our experiment, we observed no signs of disease other than diarrhea, and the level of this ailment was low and did not differ between the feeding treatments. Several previous studies have also found no increase in diarrhea associated with increased feeding of milk (e.g., Mylrea, 1966; Wise and Lemaster, 1968; Marshall and Smith, 1969; Huber et al., 1984). Some work has reported an increase (Khouri and Pickering, 1968; Hodgson, 1971; Stiles et al., 1974), but the reasons for this increase are not clear. Viral pathogens are often responsible for causing enteric disease and the type of feeding per se should have little effect on transmission of these organisms. Susceptibility to these infections is likely due in part to problems in management, such as inadequate cleanliness, ventilation, and colostrum intake, and differences in these factors among studies may explain the variability in results. Variation in immune functioning will also affect susceptibility, and this functioning in dairy calves is compromised under low levels of nutrition (Williams et al., 1981; Pollack et al., 1993). Indeed, recent work has shown that increased feeding of milk can go some way to improving calf immunity (Nonnecke et al., 2000).

In conclusion, ad libitum feeding of milk allowed calves to consume about double the milk. Calves fed more milk remained healthy and gained weight much more rapidly before weaning. These calves consumed less solid food before weaning, but not after weaning. Weight gains and solid food intakes after weaning were similar for calves fed conventionally and ad libitum, but the weight advantage of the ad libitum-fed calves persisted for at least several weeks after weaning. Finally, ad libitum feeding from a teat allowed calves to engage in more natural feeding behavior, and this appeared to reduce calf motivation to cross-suck, thus facilitating group housing (Chua et al., 2002).

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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We thank the staff and students at the University of British Columbia’s Dairy Education and Research Centre, and the University’s Animal Welfare Program. We especially thank Arend Hoekstra and Paul Jong for their work in running this experiment, and Beverly Chua, David Fraser, and Jim Shelford for their help during all stages of the study. The project was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through the Industrial Research Chair in Animal Welfare, and by contributions from the BC SPCA, members of the BC Veterinary Medical Association, the Dairy Farmers of Canada, the Beef Cattle Industry Development Fund, the BC Dairy Foundation, and many others listed at www.agsci.ubc.ca/animalwelfare.

Received for publication March 18, 2002. Accepted for publication May 23, 2002.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

 


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