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An analysis of the relationship between bulk tank milk quality and wash water quality on dairy farms in Ontario, Canada

N. R. Perkins^*,1, D. F. Kelton^*, K. J. Hand, G. MacNaughton, O. Berke^* and K. E. Leslie^*

^* Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
CanWest Dairy Herd Improvement, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1K 1E5
Dairy Farmers of Ontario, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5N 2L8

¹ Corresponding author: perkinsn{at}uoguelph.ca

The objective of this study was to identify regions at high risk for bacterial water or milk contamination, as well as risk factors associated with high bacteria counts in raw milk in Ontario, Canada. Between 2003 and 2004, the Dairy Farmers of Ontario (DFO) tested water samples from 5,421 farms in Ontario for the presence of Escherichia coli and coliforms. The water samples were collected as "point-of-use" samples, meaning that each sample was taken from a tap or water hose in the milk house as soon as the water was turned on. Routine, monthly raw milk bacterial counts were determined by DFO using BactoScan (Foss, Hillerød, Denmark). BactoScan data were retrieved from DFO for all of the farms with water test results. The prevalence of samples with E. coli and coliforms in water and elevated bacteria counts in raw milk was 13.6, 53.8, and 2.8%, respectively. The spatial analysis, using a scan statistic, revealed 1 coliform and 3 E. coli clusters of contaminated water, but no clusters of elevated milk bacteria counts in raw milk in southern Ontario. The coliform water contamination cluster was the largest, with a radius of approximately 200 km. Regression analysis indicated that risk factors associated with the occurrence of high levels of bacteria in raw milk were elevated average monthly somatic cell count, increased total milk production, cooler seasons of the year, and the presence of E. coli in wash water.

Key Words: wash water quality • spatial epidemiology • raw milk quality