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cDNA Microarray Analysis Reveals that Antioxidant and Immune Genes Are Upregulated During Involution of the Bovine Mammary Gland

K. Singh^*,1, S. R. Davis^*,2, J. M. Dobson^*, A. J. Molenaar^*, T. T. Wheeler^*, C. G. Prosser^*,3, V. C. Farr^*, K. Oden^*, K. M. Swanson^*, C. V. C. Phyn^*,4, D. L. Hyndman, T. Wilson, H. V. Henderson^* and K. Stelwagen^*

^* AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, PB 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

¹ Corresponding author: kuljeet.singh{at}agresearch.co.nz

We have used cDNA microarray analysis to identify genes that play a role in bovine mammary involution. Involution was induced by termination of milking, and alveolar tissue was collected from 48 nonpregnant Friesian cows in mid lactation sacrificed at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72, and 192 h (n = 6/group) postmilking. The most highly upregulated genes were those associated with oxidative stress. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR analysis confirmed that mRNA expression of spermidine/spermine N¹-acetyltransferase was increased by 24 h, superoxide dismutase 2 and metallothionein 1A by 36 h, and glutathione peroxidase by 72 h postmilking. The mRNA expression of the host defense proteins lactoferrin and lingual antimicrobial peptide were increased by 192 h postmilking. A dramatic increase in the protein expression of lactoferrin by 192 h postmilking was also detected by Western analysis. Decreased mRNA expression of the milk protein genes _S1-, β-, and -casein, and -lactalbumin were early events in the process of involution occurring within 24 to 36 h postmilking, whereas β-lactoglobulin mRNA was decreased by 192 h postmilking. Decreases in -lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin protein levels in alveolar tissue occurred by 24 and 192 h postmilking, respectively, and the cell survival factors β1-integrin and focal adhesion kinase were decreased by 72 and 192 h postmilking, respectively. The results demonstrate that in the bovine mammary gland, decreased milk protein gene expression and cell survival signaling are associated with multiple protective responses to oxidative stress that occur before the induction of immune responses and mammary epithelial cell apoptosis during involution.

Key Words: dairy cow • mammary involution • apoptosis • cDNA microarray

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