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1 Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
2 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Veterinarie per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milano, Italy
3 Fondazione Parco Tecnologico Padano, Centro Ricerche e Studi Agroalimentari, 20090 Segrate (Milano), Italy
4 Dipartimento di Sanità e Benessere Animale, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy
Corresponding author: P. Sacchi; e-mail: paola.sacchi{at}unito.it.
The aim of this work was to investigate the genetic structure of the casein gene cluster in 5 Italian goat breeds and to evaluate the haplotype variability within and among populations. A total of 430 goats from Vallesana, Roccaverano, Jonica, Garganica, and Maltese breeds were genotyped at 
s1-casein (CSN1S1), s2-casein, (CSN1S2), ß-casein (CSN2), and 
-casein (CSN3) loci using several genomic techniques and milk protein analysis. Casein haplotype frequencies were estimated for each breed. Principal component analysis was carried out to highlight the relationship among breeds. Allele and haplotype distributions indicated considerable differences among breeds. The haplotype CSN1S1*F- CSN1S2*F-CSN3*D occurred in all breeds with frequencies >0.100 and was the most common haplotype in the Southern breeds. A high frequency of CSN1S1*0-CSN1S2*C-CSN3*A haplotype was found in Vallesana population (0.162). Principal component analysis clearly separated the Northern and Southern breeds by the first component. The variability of the caprine casein loci and variety of resulting haplotypes should be exploited in the future using specific breeding programs aiming to preserve biodiversity and to select goat genetic lines for specific protein production.
Key Words: goat • casein • polymorphism • haplotype
Abbreviation key: AS-PCR = allele specific-PCR, CSN1S1 = s1-casein locus, CSN1S2 = s2-casein locus, CSN3 = -casein locus, CSN2 = ß-casein locus, IEF = isoelectrofocusing, PCR-SSCP = PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism.
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