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The Effects of Varying Gossypol Intake from Whole Cottonseed and Cottonseed Meal on Lactation and Blood Parameters in Lactating Dairy Cows

H. Mena^1,*, J. E. P. Santos², J. T. Huber¹, M. Tarazon^1, and M. C. Calhoun³

¹ Department of Animal Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0038
² Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274
³ Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, San Angelo 76901-9782

Corresponding author: J. E. P. Santos; e-mail: Jsantos{at}vmtrc.ucdavis.edu.

Effects of varying amounts of gossypol from whole Upland cottonseed (WCS) and cottonseed meal (CSM) were evaluated in 40 midlactation Holstein cows. After 14 d of pretreatment, cows were assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments for 84 d: control (no gossypol), 931 mg/kg total gossypol (TG) and 850 mg/kg free gossypol (FG) from WCS (moderate TG and high FG); 924 mg/kg TG and 91 mg/kg FG from CSM (moderate TG and low FG), 945 mg/kg TG and 479 mg/kg FG with equal amounts of TG from WCS and CSM (moderate TG and FG), or 1894 mg/kg TG and 960 mg/kg FG with equal amounts of TG from WCS and CSM (high TG and FG). Concentrations of plasma gossypol (PG) and its isomers were directly proportional to FG intake. Concentrations of PG reached a plateau after 28 d on treatment, and they were highest in cows receiving a diet with high TG and FG. Erythrocyte fragility differed among treatments and increased with increasing FG intake. Plasma gossypol returned to negligible concentrations 28 d after withdrawal of cottonseed products from the high TG and FG diet. Serum vitamin A was similar among treatments, but vitamin E increased with increasing FG intake. Serum enzymes were generally unaffected by treatments, but urea N increased in diets higher in TG and FG. Intake of dry matter was higher for the diet high in TG and FG than for the control diet, but was similar for other treatments. Cows receiving the high TG and FG diet produced more milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk, with no changes in milk composition. Feeding a diet containing 1894 mg/kg TG and 960 mg/kg FG for 84 d increased PG concentrations and erythrocyte fragility and resulted in minor changes in blood metabolites and enzymes, but no detrimental effect on lactation performance was observed. Indicators of liver, kidney, and muscle cell viability suggest that the higher amounts of gossypol consumed in this study had only minor effects on those tissues in lactating dairy cows.

Key Words: gossypol • whole cottonseed • cottonseed meal • dairy cow

Abbreviation key: BG = bound gossypol, CSM = cottonseed meal, FG = free gossypol, PG = plasma gossypol, TG = total gossypol, WCS = whole cottonseed

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