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1 Department of Animal Science,McGill University-Macdonald Campus,Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre,Lennoxville, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
Corresponding author: A. F. Mustafa; e-mail: Mustafa{at}macdonald.mcgill.ca.
Four lactating Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to determine the effects of feeding heat-treated flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and site and extent of nutrient utilization. Four diets were formulated: a control diet with no flaxseed, a raw flaxseed diet (RF), a micronized flaxseed diet (MF), and an extruded flaxseed diet (EF). Flaxseed diets contained 12.6% flaxseed (dry matter [DM] basis). Ruminal pH, NH3 N, and total concentration of volatile fatty acids were not affected by dietary treatments. However, feeding flaxseed decreased the molar proportion of acetate and increased that of propionate. Flaxseed supplementation had no effect on ruminal digestion of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), fatty acids (FA), and gross energy. However, ruminal digestion of acid detergent fiber (ADF) was lower for cows fed the flaxseed diets than for cows fed the control diet. Feeding flaxseed tended to increase post-ruminal and total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF, and gross energy. Feeding heat-treated flaxseed diets relative to RF had no effect on ruminal, post-ruminal, and total tract nutrient digestibilities. Cows fed EF had higher ruminal and lower post-ruminal digestibilities of DM, OM, ADF, CP, and FA than cows fed MF. However, total tract digestibilities were similar for the 2 heat treatments. It was concluded that flaxseed supplementation improved total tract nutrient utilization with no adverse effects on ruminal fermentation. Extrusion failed to protect flaxseed from ruminal digestion. However, micronization can be used to increase the ruminal undegraded protein value of flaxseed.
Key Words: flaxseed • ruminal fermentation • nutrient utilization • heat treatment
Abbreviation key: EF = extruded flaxseed diet, , FA = fatty acid, GE = gross energy, MF = micronized flaxseed diet, RF = raw flaxseed diet
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