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1 Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Research Centre Foulum, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
2 Danish Agricultural Advisory Service, National Centre, Danish Cattle Federation, Udkærsvej 15, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
3 The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, Grønnogardsvej 2, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
4 University of Georgia, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, 354, Animal and Dairy Science Complex, Athens 30602
Corresponding author: M. Hansen; e-mail: mxh{at}landscentret.dk.
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic and genetic trends for stillbirth in Danish Holsteins. Trends of calving difficulty and calf size were also evaluated. The second aim was to compare predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) of sires for stillbirth using a linear and a threshold model. Direct and maternal genetic effects were modeled by fitting correlated additive genetic effects of the sire and the maternal grandsire (MGS). For both the calf and the dam, covariates of breed proportions of Holstein-Friesian (HF) and the heterozygosity between HF and the original Danish Black and White (ODBW) were included. Records from 1.8 million first-calving Danish Holstein cows calving from 1985 to 2002 were used. In this period, the overall frequency of stillbirth increased from 0.071 to 0.090. An unfavorable genetic trend of stillbirth was found for both the direct and maternal effect. The background for the genetic trends was an intense use of HF sires as sires of sons, which increased the proportion of HF genes to 94% in the Danish Holstein calves born in 2002. The effect of the imported HF genes was higher direct effects of calf size, calving difficulty, and stillbirth compared with the ODBW genes. The maternal effect of stillbirth was poorer for HF than for ODBW even though HF had a better maternal calving performance than ODBW. The threshold and the linear models showed almost similar predictions of transmitting abilities of sires.
Key Words: stillbirth • calving ease • calf size • genetic trend
Abbreviation key: CVM = complex vertebral malformation, HF = Holstein-Friesian, MAP = maximum a posteriori, MGS = maternal grandsire, ODBW = original Danish Black and White
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