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1 Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate 20090, Italy
2 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Veterinarie per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Universita ‘ degli Studi, Milano 20133, Italy
3 CERSA–Fondazione Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi 26900, Italy
Corresponding author: Paul Boettcher; e-mail: boettch{at}ibba.cnr.it.
The objective of this work was to propose an algorithm (HAPROB) to estimate haplotype probabilities for genotyped members of half-sib families for which parents lacked genotypic information. The algorithm had 2 basic steps. First, a Monte Carlo-based approach was used to estimate haplotype probabilities for sires conditional upon offspring genotypes and population allelic frequencies, and then offspring-haplotype probabilities were estimated conditional upon sire probabilities and population frequencies. The 2 steps were alternated iteratively until estimates of population frequencies were essentially unchanged. Simulation was used to evaluate effects of the number of Monte Carlo cycles on the accuracy of the reconstructed haplotypes. Fifty thousand cycles was found to be sufficient for the haplotype configurations considered. Accuracy of the algorithm was compared with that obtained by the public domain SIMWALK2 software. Predictions of the most likely haplotype configurations are produced by SIM-WALK2, but no estimates of probability are given. The accuracy of the current approach was comparable to that obtained from SIMWALK2. The proportions of times that haplotypes were reconstructed correctly were 87.0 and 92.4% (sires and offspring) for HAPROB vs. 87.5 and 91.5% for SIMWALK2. Effects of family size on accuracy of reconstruction were examined. Accuracy of reconstruction was only about 4% for sires with 2 offspring, but accuracy among the offspring themselves was 65%. Accuracy increased quickly as family size increased and reached 100% for sires with 30 offspring. Maximum accuracy for offspring was about 96%. Estimates of haplotype probabilities produced can be used in regression analyses to estimate effects of haplotypes on quantitative phenotypes.
Key Words: haplotype reconstruction • probabilities • half-sib families
Abbreviation key: HAPROB = algorithm for estimating haplotype probabilities, HC = haplotype combination, RP = relative probability
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