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1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 4T2
2 Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 4T2
Corresponding author: A. Sewalem; e-mail: sewalem{at}cdn.ca.
The aim of this study was to explore the impact of type traits on the functional survival of Canadian Holstein cows using a Weibull proportional hazards model. The data set consisted of 1,130,616 registered cows from 13,606 herds calving from 1985 to 2003. Functional survival was defined as the number of days from first calving to culling, death, or censoring. Type information consisted of phenotypic type scores for 8 composite traits (with 18 classes of each) and 23 linear descriptive traits (with 9 classes of each). The statistical model included the effects of stage of lactation, season of production, the annual change in herd size, type of milk recording supervision, age at first calving, effects of milk, fat and protein yields calculated within herd-year-parity deviations, herd-year-season of calving, each type trait, and the sire. Analysis was done one at a time for each of 31 type traits. The relative culling risk was calculated for animals in each class after accounting for the previously mentioned effects. Among the composite type traits with the greatest contribution to the likelihood function were final score, mammary system, and feet and legs, all having a strong relationship with functional survival. Cows with low scores for these traits had higher risk of culling compared with higher scores. For instance, cows classified as poor plus 1 vs. excellent plus 1 have a relative risk of culling 3.66 and 0.28, respectively. The corresponding figures for mammary system are 4.19 and 0.46 and for feet and legs are 2.34 and 0.50. Linear type traits with the greatest contribution to the likelihood function were fore udder attachment, udder texture, udder depth, rear udder attachment height, and rear udder attachment width. Stature and size had no strong relationship with functional survival.
Key Words: functional survival • Holstein • type trait
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