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Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia, Athens, 30602
Corresponding author: S. Oseni; e-mail: soseni{at}arches.uga.edu.
The objectives of this study were to establish a pattern for the seasonality of days open (DO) by state and region within the United States and to present statistics on regional trends for DO. Data included 8,676,915 records on DO for Holsteins from 1997 to 2002 covering all regions of the United States. Fixed effects in the model included herd, parity, milk-class, state x month of calving (MOC), year of calving x MOC, and parity x MOC. Least squares means of DO were highest for calvings in March and lowest for calvings in September. The highest mean DO of 155 d was recorded in the Southeast, while the mean DO for the Midwest, Northeast, Northwest, and Southwest were 142, 141, 140, and 137 d, respectively. Variation in monthly averages of DO was highest in Southeast with a range of 51 d, and less than 25 d in all the other regions. Seasonality of calving was defined as the ratio of the fewest to the most calvings in months. The SOC was 
60% in Southeast and 
23% in the other regions. Selected states: Texas, Oklahoma, and Arizona in the Southwest and Missouri, Kansas, and Kentucky in the Midwest showed patterns of variation in monthly averages and seasonality of calving similar to those of Southeast. Distributions of DO were bimodal for some months of calving due to postponed breeding during the hot season or depressed fertility as a result of thermal stress; the second mode at >200 d was highest in the Southeast but also could be observed in Texas, Wisconsin, and California. High level of heat stress for DO exists in the Southeast and in selected states of the Midwest and the Southwest; these regions contribute less than 10% of national records. A methodology for analyzing DO especially under heat stress needs to consider effects of intentionally delayed breeding—by using a model that accounts for bimodality, for example.
Key Words: days open • heat stress • seasonality • month of calving
Abbreviation key: DO = days open, SE = Southeast, SW = Southwest, NE = Northeast, NW = Northwest, MW = Midwest, SOC = seasonality of calving, MOC = month of calving, VMA = variation in monthly averages
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