| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
* Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
Dexcel Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, New Zealand
Corresponding author:
L. D. Muller; e-mail:
lmuller{at}psu.edu.
Literature with data from dairy cows on pasture was reviewed to evaluate the effects of supplementation on intake, milk production and composition, and ruminal and postruminal digestion. Low dry matter intake (DMI) of pasture has been identified as a major factor limiting milk production by high producing dairy cows. Pasture DMI in grazing cows is a function of grazing time, biting rate, and bite mass. Concentrate supplementation did not affect biting rate (58 bites/min) or bite mass (0.47 g of DM/bite) but reduced grazing time 12 min/d per kilogram of concentrate compared with unsupplemented cows (574 min/d). Substitution rate, or the reduction in pasture DMI per kilogram of concentrate, is a factor which may explain the variation in milk response to supplementation. A negative relationship exists between substitution rate and milk response; the lower the substitution rate the higher the milk response to supplements. Milk production increases linearly as the amount of concentrate increases from 1.2 to 10 kg DM/d, with an overall milk response of 1 kg milk/kg concentrate. Compared with pasture-only diets, increasing the amount of concentrate supplementation up to 10 kg DM/d increased total DMI 24%, milk production 22%, and milk protein percentage 4%, but reduced milk fat percentage 6%. Compared with dry ground corn, supplementation with nonforage fiber sources or processed corn did not affect total DMI, milk production, or milk composition. Replacing ruminal degradable protein sources with ruminal undegradable protein sources in concentrates did not consistently affect milk production or composition. Forage supplementation did not affect production when substitution rate was high. Fat supplementation increased milk production by 6%, without affecting milk fat and protein content. Increasing concentrate from 1.1 to 10 kg DM/d reduced ruminal pH 0.08 and NH3-N concentration 6.59 mg/dl, compared with pasture-only diets. Replacing dry corn by high moisture corn, steam-flaked or steam-rolled corn, barley, or fiber-based concentrates reduced ruminal NH3-N concentration 4.36 mg/dl. Supplementation did not affect in situ pasture digestion, except for a reduction in rate of degradation when high amounts of concentrate were supplemented. Supplementation with energy concentrates reduced digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and intake of N but did not affect digestibility of organic matter or flow of microbial N.
Key Words: high producing dairy cow • pasture • supplementation • milk production and composition
Abbreviation key: CDMI = concentrate DMI, CBW = change in BW, ED = effective degradability, FPr = fat percentage reduction, FYi = fat yield increase, HM = herbage mass, LEG = percentage of legumes in pasture, MN = microbial nitrogen, MPi = milk production increase, MR = milk response, MY = milk yield, NANMN = nonammonia, nonmicrobial nitrogen, NDFp = NDF in pasture available, NDFs = NDF in pasture selected, PA = pasture allowance, PASUP = pasture allowance and total supplementation interaction, PD = potentially degradable fraction, PDMI = pasture DMI, PDMIr = pasture DMI reduction, PPi = protein percentage increase, PYi = protein yield increase, RAD = ruminal apparent digestibility as proportion of intake, RADD = ruminal apparent digestibility as proportion of total tract apparent digestibility, RUPI = RUP intake, SHT = sward height, SR = substitution rate, SUP = total supplementation, TB = number of bites per d, TDMI = total DMI, TDMIi = total DMI increase, TOMI = total OM intake, TTAD = total tract apparent digestibility, WOL = week of lactation
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  O. A. Rego, S. M. M. Regalo, H. J. D. Rosa, S. P. Alves, A. E. S. Borba, R. J. B. Bessa, A. R. J. Cabrita, and A. J. M. Fonseca Effects of Grass Silage and Soybean Meal Supplementation on Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles of Grazing Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, July 1, 2008; 91(7): 2736 - 2743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Abrahamse, J. Dijkstra, B. Vlaeminck, and S. Tamminga Frequent Allocation of Rotationally Grazed Dairy Cows Changes Grazing Behavior and Improves Productivity J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2008; 91(5): 2033 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hammami, B. Rekik, H. Soyeurt, A. Ben Gara, and N. Gengler Genetic Parameters for Tunisian Holsteins Using a Test-Day Random Regression Model J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2008; 91(5): 2118 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Macdonald, J. W. Penno, J. A. S. Lancaster, and J. R. Roche Effect of Stocking Rate on Pasture Production, Milk Production, and Reproduction of Dairy Cows in Pasture-Based Systems J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2008; 91(5): 2151 - 2163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Mikolayunas, D. L. Thomas, K. A. Albrecht, D. K. Combs, Y. M. Berger, and S. R. Eckerman Effects of Supplementation and Stage of Lactation on Performance of Grazing Dairy Ewes J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2008; 91(4): 1477 - 1485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Hersom Opportunities to enhance performance and efficiency through nutrient synchrony in forage-fed ruminants J Anim Sci, April 1, 2008; 86(14_suppl): E306 - E317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. McEvoy, E. Kennedy, J. P. Murphy, T. M. Boland, L. Delaby, and M. O'Donovan The Effect of Herbage Allowance and Concentrate Supplementation on Milk Production Performance and Dry Matter Intake of Spring-Calving Dairy Cows in Early Lactation J Dairy Sci, March 1, 2008; 91(3): 1258 - 1269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Kennedy, M. O'Donovan, F. P. O'Mara, J. P. Murphy, and L. Delaby The Effect of Early-Lactation Feeding Strategy on the Lactation Performance of Spring-Calving Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2007; 90(6): 3060 - 3070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Pavan, S. K. Duckett, and J. G. Andrae Corn oil supplementation to steers grazing endophyte-free tall fescue. I. Effects on in vivo digestibility, performance, and carcass traits J Anim Sci, May 1, 2007; 85(5): 1330 - 1339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. McCarthy, D. P. Berry, P. Dillon, M. Rath, and B. Horan Influence of Holstein-Friesian Strain and Feed System on Body Weight and Body Condition Score Lactation Profiles J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2007; 90(4): 1859 - 1869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Roche, A. J. Sheahan, L. M. Chagas, and D. P. Berry Concentrate Supplementation Reduces Postprandial Plasma Ghrelin in Grazing Dairy Cows: A Possible Neuroendocrine Basis for Reduced Pasture Intake in Supplemented Cows J Dairy Sci, March 1, 2007; 90(3): 1354 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Roche, K. A. Macdonald, C. R. Burke, J. M. Lee, and D. P. Berry Associations Among Body Condition Score, Body Weight, and Reproductive Performance in Seasonal-Calving Dairy Cattle J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2007; 90(1): 376 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Couvreur, C. Hurtaud, P. G. Marnet, P. Faverdin, and J. L. Peyraud Composition of Milk Fat from Cows Selected for Milk Fat Globule Size and Offered Either Fresh Pasture or a Corn Silage-Based Diet J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2007; 90(1): 392 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Roche, D. P. Berry, and E. S. Kolver Holstein-friesian strain and feed effects on milk production, body weight, and body condition score profiles in grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2006; 89(9): 3532 - 3543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Gehman, J. A. Bertrand, T. C. Jenkins, and B. W. Pinkerton The effect of carbohydrate source on nitrogen capture in dairy cows on pasture. J Dairy Sci, July 1, 2006; 89(7): 2659 - 2667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. Lovett, L. J. Stack, S. Lovell, J. Callan, B. Flynn, M. Hawkins, and F. P. O'Mara Manipulating Enteric Methane Emissions and Animal Performance of Late-Lactation Dairy Cows Through Concentrate Supplementation at Pasture J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2005; 88(8): 2836 - 2842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Min, S. P. Hart, T. Sahlu, and L. D. Satter The Effect of Diets on Milk Production and Composition, and on Lactation Curves in Pastured Dairy Goats J Dairy Sci, July 1, 2005; 88(7): 2604 - 2615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. L. Calus, J. J. Windig, and R. F. Veerkamp Associations Among Descriptors of Herd Management and Phenotypic and Genetic Levels of Health and Fertility J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2005; 88(6): 2178 - 2189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sairanen, H. Khalili, J. I. Nousiainen, S. Ahvenjarvi, and P. Huhtanen The Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on Nutrient Flow to the Omasum in Dairy Cows Receiving Freshly Cut Grass J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2005; 88(4): 1443 - 1453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. L. Calus, M. J. Carrick, R. F. Veerkamp, and M. E. Goddard Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Milk Fat Depression in Dairy Cattle J Dairy Sci, March 1, 2005; 88(3): 1166 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Gallardo, A. R. Castillo, F. Bargo, A. A. Abdala, M. G. Maciel, H. Perez-Monti, H. C. Castro, and M. E. Castelli Monensin for Lactating Dairy Cows Grazing Mixed-Alfalfa Pasture and Supplemented with Partial Mixed Ration J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2005; 88(2): 644 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Graf, M. Kreuzer, and F. Dohme Effects of Supplemental Hay and Corn Silage Versus Full-Time Grazing on Ruminal pH and Chewing Activity of Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2005; 88(2): 711 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bargo and L. D. Muller Grazing Behavior Affects Daily Ruminal pH and NH3 Oscillations of Dairy Cows on Pasture J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2005; 88(1): 303 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Mulligan, P. Dillon, J. J. Callan, M. Rath, and F. P. O'Mara Supplementary Concentrate Type Affects Nitrogen Excretion of Grazing Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2004; 87(10): 3451 - 3460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. Tozer, F. Bargo, and L. D. Muller The Effect of Pasture Allowance and Supplementation on Feed Efficiency and Profitability of Dairy Systems J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2004; 87(9): 2902 - 2911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. F. Schroeder, J. E. Delahoy, I. Vidaurreta, F. Bargo, G. A. Gagliostro, and L. D. Muller Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Cows Fed a Total Mixed Ration or Pasture Plus Concentrates Replacing Corn with Fat J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2003; 86(10): 3237 - 3248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bargo, G. A. Varga, L. D. Muller, and E. S. Kolver Pasture Intake and Substitution Rate Effects on Nutrient Digestion and Nitrogen Metabolism during Continuous Culture Fermentation J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2003; 86(4): 1330 - 1340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Delahoy, L. D. Muller, F. Bargo, T. W. Cassidy, and L. A. Holden Supplemental Carbohydrate Sources for Lactating Dairy Cows on Pasture J Dairy Sci, March 1, 2003; 86(3): 906 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
