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* Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
Dexcel Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, New Zealand
Corresponding author:
L. D. Muller; e-mail:
lmuller{at}psu.edu.
Literature with data from dairy cows on pasture was reviewed to evaluate the effects of supplementation on intake, milk production and composition, and ruminal and postruminal digestion. Low dry matter intake (DMI) of pasture has been identified as a major factor limiting milk production by high producing dairy cows. Pasture DMI in grazing cows is a function of grazing time, biting rate, and bite mass. Concentrate supplementation did not affect biting rate (58 bites/min) or bite mass (0.47 g of DM/bite) but reduced grazing time 12 min/d per kilogram of concentrate compared with unsupplemented cows (574 min/d). Substitution rate, or the reduction in pasture DMI per kilogram of concentrate, is a factor which may explain the variation in milk response to supplementation. A negative relationship exists between substitution rate and milk response; the lower the substitution rate the higher the milk response to supplements. Milk production increases linearly as the amount of concentrate increases from 1.2 to 10 kg DM/d, with an overall milk response of 1 kg milk/kg concentrate. Compared with pasture-only diets, increasing the amount of concentrate supplementation up to 10 kg DM/d increased total DMI 24%, milk production 22%, and milk protein percentage 4%, but reduced milk fat percentage 6%. Compared with dry ground corn, supplementation with nonforage fiber sources or processed corn did not affect total DMI, milk production, or milk composition. Replacing ruminal degradable protein sources with ruminal undegradable protein sources in concentrates did not consistently affect milk production or composition. Forage supplementation did not affect production when substitution rate was high. Fat supplementation increased milk production by 6%, without affecting milk fat and protein content. Increasing concentrate from 1.1 to 10 kg DM/d reduced ruminal pH 0.08 and NH3-N concentration 6.59 mg/dl, compared with pasture-only diets. Replacing dry corn by high moisture corn, steam-flaked or steam-rolled corn, barley, or fiber-based concentrates reduced ruminal NH3-N concentration 4.36 mg/dl. Supplementation did not affect in situ pasture digestion, except for a reduction in rate of degradation when high amounts of concentrate were supplemented. Supplementation with energy concentrates reduced digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and intake of N but did not affect digestibility of organic matter or flow of microbial N.
Key Words: high producing dairy cow • pasture • supplementation • milk production and composition
Abbreviation key: CDMI = concentrate DMI, CBW = change in BW, ED = effective degradability, FPr = fat percentage reduction, FYi = fat yield increase, HM = herbage mass, LEG = percentage of legumes in pasture, MN = microbial nitrogen, MPi = milk production increase, MR = milk response, MY = milk yield, NANMN = nonammonia, nonmicrobial nitrogen, NDFp = NDF in pasture available, NDFs = NDF in pasture selected, PA = pasture allowance, PASUP = pasture allowance and total supplementation interaction, PD = potentially degradable fraction, PDMI = pasture DMI, PDMIr = pasture DMI reduction, PPi = protein percentage increase, PYi = protein yield increase, RAD = ruminal apparent digestibility as proportion of intake, RADD = ruminal apparent digestibility as proportion of total tract apparent digestibility, RUPI = RUP intake, SHT = sward height, SR = substitution rate, SUP = total supplementation, TB = number of bites per d, TDMI = total DMI, TDMIi = total DMI increase, TOMI = total OM intake, TTAD = total tract apparent digestibility, WOL = week of lactation
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