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* Institute of Animal Science, Group of Animal Breeding, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Division of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
Institute of Animal Science, Research Station Chamau, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-6331 Huenenberg, Switzerland
Herbivore Research Unit, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), F-63122 St-Genès-Champanelle, France
Corresponding author: J. W. Blum; e-mail:juerg.blum{at}itz.unibe.ch.
This study aimed to estimate individual and herd-level energy balance (EB) using blood and milk traits in 90 multiparous high-yielding Holstein cows, held on a research farm, from wk 1 to 10 postpartum (p.p.) and to investigate the precision of prediction with successively decreased data sets simulating smaller herd sizes and with pooled samples. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and BW were measured daily from parturition through wk 10 p.p. Milk composition was determined 4 times per week, and milk acetone was measured weekly. Blood samples for the determination of metabolites, hormones, electrolytes, and enzyme activities were taken weekly from wk 1 to 10 p.p. between 0730 and 0900. Body condition scores and ultrasonic measurements of backfat thickness and fat depth in the pelvic area were evaluated in wk 1, 4, and 8 p.p. Concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, urea, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine (T4) in blood plasma and of lactose and urea in milk were positively correlated with EB, whereas concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), creatinine, albumin, ß-hydroxybutyrate, and growth hormone and enzyme activities in blood, and concentrations of fat, protein, fat:lactose ratio, and acetone in milk were negatively correlated with EB. Leptin concentration was not correlated to EB over the first 10 wk p.p. To estimate EB linear mixed-effects, models were developed by backward selection procedures. The most informative traits for estimation of EB were the fat:lactose ratio in milk and NEFA and T4 concentrations in blood. The precision of estimation of EB in individual cows was low. Using blood in addition to milk traits did not result in higher precision of estimation of herd-level EB, and decreasing sample sizes considerably lowered the precision of EB prediction. Estimation of overall mean herd-level EB over the first 10 wk p.p. using pooled samples was precise even with small sample sizes, but does not consider the level of EB in particular weeks. In conclusion, estimation of herd-level EB at individual weeks using milk traits only has practical implication with herd sizes of 
100 cows if calving is highly seasonal and of 400 cows if calving is uniformly distributed. Using blood in addition to milk traits does not improve precision of estimation of herd-level EB, regardless of sample size.
Key Words: energy balance • dairy cow • estimation
Abbreviation key: AC = acetone, AP = absorbable protein, C30 = cows fed 30% of total DMI as concentrate, C50 = cows fed 50% of total DMI as concentrate, CF = crude fiber, CF-group = concentrate feeding group (C30 or C50), EB = energy balance, ECM = energy corrected milk, GH = growth hormone, GLDH = glutamate dehydrogenase, LDH = lactate dehydrogenase, p.p. = postpartum, T3 = 3,5,3'-triiodthyronine, T4 = thyroxine
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