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Northeast Dairy Foods Research Center Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Corresponding author:
David M. Barbano; e-mail:
dmb37{at}cornell.edu.
The effect of microfiltration (MF) on proteolysis, hardness, and flavor of Cheddar cheese during 6 mo of aging was determined. Raw skim milk was microfiltered twofold in two cheese making trials. In trial 1, four vats of cheese were made in 1 d using unconcentrated milk (1X), 1.26X, 1.51X, and 1.82X concentration factors (CF). Casein-(CN)-to-fat ratio was constant among treatments. Proteolysis during cheese aging decreased with increasing CF due to either limitation of substrate availability for chymosin due to low moisture in the nonfat substance (MNFS), inhibition of chymosin activity by high molecular weight milk serum proteins, such as 
2-macroglobulin, retained in the cheese or low residual chymosin in the cheese. Hardness of fresh cheese increased, and cheese flavor intensity decreased with increasing CF. In trial 2, the 1X and 1.8X CF were compared directly. Changes made in the cheese making procedure for the 1.8X CF (more chymosin and less cooking) increased the MNFS and made proteolysis during aging more comparable for the 1X and 1.8X cheeses. The significant difference in cheese hardness due to CF in trial 1 was eliminated in trial 2. In a triangle test, panelists could not differentiate between the 1X and 1.8X cheeses. Therefore, increasing chymosin and making the composition of the two cheeses more similar allowed production of aged Cheddar cheese from milk concentrated up to 1.8X by MF that was not perceived as different from aged Cheddar cheese produced without MF.
Key Words: Cheddar cheese • microfiltration • concentration factor • proteolysis
Abbreviation key: CF = concentration factor, FDB = fat on a dry basis, HCF = high concentration factor, LCF = low concentration factor, MCF = medium concentration factor, MF = microfiltration, MNFS = moisture in the nonfat substance, SM = standardized milk, SN = soluble nitrogen, TN = total nitrogen
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