Fish Oil and Extruded Soybeans Fed in Combination Increase Conjugated Linoleic Acids in Milk of Dairy Cows More Than When Fed Separately

¹ Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007-0647

Eight multiparous Holstein and four multiparous Brown Swiss (78 ± 43 DIM) cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to evaluate if feeding fish oil with a source of linoleic acid (extruded soybeans) would stimulate additional amounts of conjugated linoleic acid in milk. Four treatments consisted of a control diet with a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate (DM basis), a control diet with 2% added fat from either menhaden fish oil or extruded soybeans, or a combination of fish oil and extruded soybeans each adding 1% fat. DM intake (24.3, 21.6, 24.5, and 22.5 kg/d, for control, fish oil, extruded soybeans, and combination diets, respectively), milk production (32.1, 29.1, 34.6, and 31.1 kg/d), and milk fat content (3.51, 2.79, 3.27, and 3.14%) were lower for cows that consumed either fish oil-containing diet, especially the 2% fish oil diet. The proportion of n-3 fatty acids in milk fat increased similarly among all three fat-supplemented diets. Concentrations of transvaccenic acid (1.00, 4.16, 2.17, and 3.51 g/100 g of fatty acids) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (0.60, 2.03, 1.16, and 1.82 g/100 g of fatty acids) in milk fat increased more with fish oil than with extruded soybeans. When fed the combination diet, these fatty acids were approximately 50% higher than expected for Holsteins, whereas concentrations were similar for Brown Swiss compared with feeding each fat source separately. These data indicated that fish oil modifies ruminal or systemic functions, stimulating increased conversion of linoleic acid into transvaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids.

Key Words: milk • fatty acid • fish oil • extruded soybeans

Submitted on May 21, 2001
Accepted on October 3, 2001

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. J. Schingoethe, K. F. Kalscheur, A. R. Hippen, and A. D. Garcia Invited review: The use of distillers products in dairy cattle diets J Dairy Sci, December 1, 2009; 92(12): 5802 - 5813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. K. Amorocho, T. C. Jenkins, and C. R. Staples Evaluation of catfish oil as a feedstuff for lactating Holstein cows J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2009; 92(10): 5178 - 5188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Ballou, R. C. Gomes, S. O. Juchem, and E. J. DePeters Effects of dietary supplemental fish oil during the peripartum period on blood metabolites and hepatic fatty acid compositions and total triacylglycerol concentrations of multiparous Holstein cows J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2009; 92(2): 657 - 669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bharathan, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, M. L. Gibson, and K. Karges Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases in Milk from Cows Fed Condensed Corn Distillers Solubles and Fish Oil J Dairy Sci, July 1, 2008; 91(7): 2796 - 2807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. R. Osborne, S. Radhakrishnan, N. E. Odongo, A. R. Hill, and B. W. McBride Effects of supplementing fish oil in the drinking water of dairy cows on production performance and milk fatty acid composition J Anim Sci, March 1, 2008; 86(3): 720 - 729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Flowers, S. A. Ibrahim, and A. A. AbuGhazaleh Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Grazing Dairy Cows When Supplemented with Linseed Oil J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2008; 91(2): 722 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Moate, W. Chalupa, R. C. Boston, and I. J. Lean Milk Fatty Acids. I. Variation in the Concentration of Individual Fatty Acids in Bovine Milk J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2007; 90(10): 4730 - 4739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. AbuGhazaleh, D. O. Felton, and S. A. Ibrahim Milk Conjugated Linoleic Acid Response to Fish Oil and Sunflower Oil Supplementation to Dairy Cows Managed Under Two Feeding Systems J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2007; 90(10): 4763 - 4769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Cruz-Hernandez, J. K. G. Kramer, J. J. Kennelly, D. R. Glimm, B. M. Sorensen, E. K. Okine, L. A. Goonewardene, and R. J. Weselake Evaluating the Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Trans 18:1 Isomers in Milk Fat of Dairy Cows Fed Increasing Amounts of Sunflower Oil and a Constant Level of Fish Oil J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2007; 90(8): 3786 - 3801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. AbuGhazaleh and L. D. Holmes Diet Supplementation with Fish Oil and Sunflower Oil to Increase Conjugated Linoleic Acid Levels in Milk Fat of Partially Grazing Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2007; 90(6): 2897 - 2904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. AbuGhazaleh, L. D. Holmes, B. N. Jacobson, and K. F. Kalscheur Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures. J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2006; 89(11): 4336 - 4339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Whitlock, D. J. Schingoethe, A. A. AbuGhazaleh, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur Milk production and composition from cows fed small amounts of fish oil with extruded soybeans. J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2006; 89(10): 3972 - 3980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. J. Wistuba, E. B. Kegley, and J. K. Apple Influence of fish oil in finishing diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and sensory evaluation of cattle J Anim Sci, April 1, 2006; 84(4): 902 - 909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Shingfield, C. K. Reynolds, G. Hervas, J. M. Griinari, A. S. Grandison, and D. E. Beever Examination of the Persistency of Milk Fatty Acid Composition Responses to Fish Oil and Sunflower Oil in the Diet of Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2006; 89(2): 714 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Allred, T. R. Dhiman, C. P. Brennand, R. C. Khanal, D. J. McMahon, and N. D. Luchini Milk and Cheese from Cows Fed Calcium Salts of Palm and Fish Oil Alone or in Combination with Soybean Products J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2006; 89(1): 234 - 248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Loor, A. Ferlay, A. Ollier, K. Ueda, M. Doreau, and Y. Chilliard High-Concentrate Diets and Polyunsaturated Oils Alter Trans and Conjugated Isomers in Bovine Rumen, Blood, and Milk J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2005; 88(11): 3986 - 3999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. L. Jones, K. J. Shingfield, C. Kohen, A. K. Jones, B. Lupoli, A. S. Grandison, D. E. Beever, C. M. Williams, P. C. Calder, and P. Yaqoob Chemical, Physical, and Sensory Properties of Dairy Products Enriched with Conjugated Linoleic Acid J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2005; 88(8): 2923 - 2937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. J. Wistuba, E. B. Kegley, J. K. Apple, and M. E. Davis Influence of fish oil supplementation on growth and immune system characteristics of cattle J Anim Sci, May 1, 2005; 83(5): 1097 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Loor, A. Ferlay, A. Ollier, M. Doreau, and Y. Chilliard Relationship Among Trans and Conjugated Fatty Acids and Bovine Milk Fat Yield Due to Dietary Concentrate and Linseed Oil J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2005; 88(2): 726 - 740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Schmidely, P. Morand-Fehr, and D. Sauvant Influence of Extruded Soybeans With or Without Bicarbonate on Milk Performance and Fatty Acid Composition of Goat Milk J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2005; 88(2): 757 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases in Milk When Cows Fed Fish Meal and Extruded Soybeans for an Extended Period of Time J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2004; 87(6): 1758 - 1766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. W. Perfield II, A. Saebo, and D. E. Bauman Use of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Enrichments to Examine the Effects of trans-8, cis-10 CLA, and cis-11, trans-13 CLA on Milk-Fat Synthesis J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2004; 87(5): 1196 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Mattos, C. R. Staples, A. Arteche, M. C. Wiltbank, F. J. Diaz, T. C. Jenkins, and W. W. Thatcher The Effects of Feeding Fish Oil on Uterine Secretion of PGF2{alpha}, Milk Composition, and Metabolic Status of Periparturient Holstein Cows J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2004; 87(4): 921 - 932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. AbuGhazaleh and T. C. Jenkins Short Communication: Docosahexaenoic Acid Promotes Vaccenic Acid Accumulation in Mixed Ruminal Cultures When Incubated with Linoleic Acid J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2004; 87(4): 1047 - 1050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Vaccenic Acid in Rumen, Plasma, and Milk of Cows Fed Fish Oil and Fats Differing in Saturation of 18 Carbon Fatty Acids J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2003; 86(11): 3648 - 3660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. G. Peterson, E. A. Matitashvili, and D. E. Bauman Diet-Induced Milk Fat Depression in Dairy Cows Results in Increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA in Milk Fat and Coordinate Suppression of mRNA Abundance for Mammary Enzymes Involved in Milk Fat Synthesis J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3098 - 3102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Kelsey, B. A. Corl, R. J. Collier, and D. E. Bauman The Effect of Breed, Parity, and Stage of Lactation on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Milk Fat from Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2003; 86(8): 2588 - 2597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur Milk Conjugated Linoleic Acid Response to Fish Oil Supplementation of Diets Differing in Fatty Acid Profiles J Dairy Sci, March 1, 2003; 86(3): 944 - 953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and L. A. Whitlock Fatty Acid Profiles of Milk and Rumen Digesta From Cows Fed Fish Oil, Extruded Soybeans or Their Blend J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2002; 85(9): 2266 - 2276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]