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Nitrogen Utilization by the Ruminant

Some Aspects of Ammonia Toxicity in Animal Cells

Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

ABSTRACT

Ammonia is produced by metabolic processes in cells and is a substance to which cells of all phylogenetic levels are accustomed (25, 100). Despite its constant presence in living protoplasm, ammonia can produce deleterious effects which are well known to many areas of biology and medicine. These harmful effects are believed to arise from the action of ammonia at intracellular sites, and may become manifest: a) when normal detoxification processes are impaired as by disease, b) when ammonia is introduced too rapidly, c) when the quantities of ammonia are excessive, or d) when the form of ammonia introduced is highly toxic. Since entry of ammonia into cells appears to be a prerequisite for its toxicity, penetration of cell membranes by ammonia has been studied under a variety of circumstances. Such studies have employed blossoms of rhododendron, starfish eggs, erythrocytes (37, 38), peach trees (15), fish (19), the mammalian kidney (57, 60, 63), and intact animals (33, 43, 94, 97).

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