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When is a Quart of Milk a Quart?

Department of Dairy and Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

ABSTRACT

Plants bottling milk buy milk by weight but sell it by volume. For accounting purposes, and for estimating plant losses, it is necessary to convert quarts of various products to pounds. We need accurate information concerning the weight of a quart of each product sold, but the weight of a quart depends upon the temperature at which it is measured. If a quart container is filled with cream at 70° F., it will be underfilled at 60°. If it is filled at 60°, it will be underfilled at 50°. If the seller measures the cream at 70°, has he fulfilled his obligation to deliver 1 qt. to the purchaser? Or should it be measured at 60, or 50, or 40° F.?

This is clearly a legal question, but in most states there is no legal answer. Letters were sent to the Chief of the Bureau of Weights and Measures in 50 states.