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The Nutrition of Calves; A Review

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

ABSTRACT

Early students of nutrition and physiology were usually interested in the comparative aspects of their subject. Therefore, the calf, sheep and cow were studied as well as the dog and fowl. From the beginning the generalinterests fell in two classes, physiologists were concerned with the fate of food in the gastrointestinal tract, agricultural workers were interested in rearing good calves with a minimum wastage of whole milk.

As early as 1777 Stevens (242) at Edinburgh made some initial studies of digestion in ruminants by feeding sheep perforated silver spheres and noting the rate at which these lost their contents while in the rumen. Even earlier, in 1752, Reaumur (208) had suspended tubes of hay and green grass in the rumens of sheep but had been disappointed in the lack of digestion after fourteen hours. In 1768 Batigne (14) criticized these studies because the feeds were not chewed. Spallanzani (240) corrected this error and reported in 1784 that chewed feeds were digested by oxen when fed in perforated tubes but unchewed ones were not.